One feature of most horticultural crop plants that is biologically relevant to their yield and productivity is total leaf area. However, direct methods of estimation of the leaf area cause damage to the plants, whereas indirect methods such as based on light measurement, demand accuracy in the setup of the measurement procedure, which is specific to each crop. Coffee is one of the most important perennial plants related to worldwide trade, and this demands some ability to estimate the productivity of the crop, as well as all the perennial plants involved in production of agricultural products. This study aims to build a model based on indirect measures to estimate the leaf area in coffee plants using image analysis. Two models were evaluated, one based on the height and width of the canopies, and other based on the area of the digital image of a tree. The results of the models have been compared with the real area of the leaves using the destructive approach with measurement of area of all the leaves using a digital scanner. Comparisons between the models and the real values indicated values of adjusted R 2 of about 0.82 with a model using the height and the width values, and about 0.91 in the second model which used the area projection. The robustness of the model using the height and the width values were tested using data presented in the literature to other cultivars and achieved R 2 = 0.54 with an outlier point and 0.91 without it.Key words: non-destructive method, coffee tree, model Estimativa da área foliar total de culturas perenes por meio de análise de imagens RESUMO A área foliar é um atributo biológico relevante para a produtividade de culturas comerciais. Os métodos diretos de estimação da área foliar causam dano às plantas, enquanto os indiretos, como aqueles baseados na medição da quantidade de luz no interior da planta, exigem ajustes e protocolos de medição específicos para cada tipo de cultura. O cafeeiro é uma das mais importantes plantas perenes relacionadas ao comércio de produtos agrícolas em escala mundial, o que demanda habilidade de estimar sua produtividade, tal como ocorre para as outras culturas perenes. Este trabalho visa construir um modelo que contenha um método indireto de estimativa de área foliar em cafeeiros por meio da análise de imagens. Dois modelos foram analisados, sendo que em um foram usadas a altura e a largura dos dosséis e, no outro, se baseou na área projetada do dossel. Os resultados foram comparados com o método direto, através do qual se retiraram todas as folhas dos cafeeiros o que permitiu observar valores de R 2 ajustado de 0,82 para o modelo em que se usaram a altura e a largura dos dosséis, e de 0,91 para o modelo da área projetada. A robustez do método da altura e largura foi testada usando-se dados de literatura relativos a outra cultivar oferecendo valores de R 2 de 0,54, considerando-se um ponto fora da curva, e de 0,91 sem se considerar este ponto.
‘Landcare’ is a group-based approach to the promotion of conservation farming. A case study of the Landcare program in Lantapan in the southern Philippines is presented to assess the farm-level impacts of this approach. The program was successful in promoting the formation of Landcare groups and a municipal Landcare association, resulting in rapid and widespread adoption of conservation practices, particularly among maize farmers. This in turn significantly reduced soil erosion, though the impact on crop yield and income was somewhat delayed. Adoption was thus not motivated primarily by short-term returns but by a concern to reduce soil erosion and provide a basis for diversification into agroforestry.
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