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Available online A B S T R A C TWhole wheat provides a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals namely, phenolic acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, alkylresorcinols, benzoxazinoids, phytosterols, and lignans. This review provides information on the distribution, extractability, analysis, and functional properties of bioactive phytochemicals present in wheat. Understanding the impact of processing on wheat phytochemicals allows us to develop improved processes with higher retention of bioactive compounds in processed wheat foods. Details of extraction, analytical methodologies and processing effects on bioactive phytochemicals in wheat are presented in tabulated form.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Metabolic changes in fast-fermented bean paste (cheonggukjang) as a function of fermentation time were observed in inoculated Bacillus strains using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS)- and capillary electrophoresis TOF-MS (CE-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics techniques. From the combined GC-MS and CE-MS analysis of fermented cheonggukjang samples, 123 metabolites were recovered (55% by GC-MS and 45% by CE-MS). Multivariate statistical analysis of fermented cheonggukjang samples showed that the separation of metabolites was influenced by the fermentation period (range, 0-72 h) and not by strain. When comparing the metabolites of fermented cheonggukjang with the metabolic pathways, uracil and thymine contents showed a rapid 20-fold increase after 24 h fermentation up to the end of fermentation. Xanthine and adenine levels increased slightly from 24 to 48 h fermentation and then decreased slightly at the end of fermentation. Hypoxanthine and guanine levels also increased remarkably during fermentation. Purine metabolism differed according to the microorganism used for cheonggukjang fermentation. Most intermediates in nucleoside biosynthesis were detected by CE-TOF-MS and were related to amino acid metabolism.

Seabuckthorn is a medicinal plant that is used to prevent cold. It was tested for its metabolic content followed by activity against cancer and virus. The metabolic distribution of different polarity solvent extractions from the leaves was analyzed by LC–MS/MS. Flavonol glycoside contents in EA and Bu extracts were higher than MeOH and DW was observed. MeOH and EA extracts recorded high activity against influenza A/PR virus with IC50 of 7.2 μg/mL and 10.3 μg/mL compared with known drug Oseltamivir of 60.3 μg/mL. A similar trend showed in influenza A/Victoria virus. In case of influenza B viruses such as B/Lee and B/Maryland, EA extract (2.87 μg/mL and 4.5 μg/mL of IC50) emerged strongest among other extracts and Oseltamivir (103.73 μg/mL and 71.6 μg/mL). Each extract showed potent anticancer activities. Interestingly, Bu extract showed stronger anticancer activity against human cancer cells such as NCL-H1299, HeLa, SKOV and Caski (8.2 μg/mL, 8.6 μg/mL, 18.2 μg/mL and 9.2 μg/mL of IC50) respectively. Correlation study reveals that aglycones and flavonol mono-glycosides highly correlated with anti-influenza activities but not correlated with anticancer activities. Reversely, di-glycosides and tri-glycosides have a high correlation with cytotoxic effect with both normal and cancer cells. Therefore, this study provides significant information concerning Seabuckthorn for further medicinal drug development.

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In this study, we compared the amino acid, organic acid and sugar profiles of 3 different varieties of dry beans (black bean [BB], dark red bean [DRB], and cranberry bean [CB]). The efficiency of the 2 commonly used extraction solvents (water and methanol:chloroform:water [2.5:1:1, v/v/v/]) for cultivar differentiation based on their metabolic profile was also investigated. The results showed that the BB contained the highest concentration of amino acids followed by DRB and CB samples. Phenylalanine, a precursor for the biosynthesis of phenolic secondary metabolites was detected at low concentration in CB samples and correlated with the reduced anthocyanins content in CB extract as documented in the published literature. Comparing the extractability of 2 extraction solvents, methanol:chloroform:water (2.5:1:1, v/v/v/) showed higher recoveries of amino acids from 3 beans, whereas, sugars were extracted in higher concentration with water. Analytically, gas chromatography detected sugars (9), amino acids (11), and organic acids (3) in a single run after derivatization of the extracts. In comparison, ion chromatography detected only sugars in a single run without any derivatization step with the tested procedure. Bean samples are better differentiated by the sugar content extracted with water as compared to the aqueous organic solvent extracts using partial least-square discriminant analysis.

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