This study aimed to investigate the effect of alkali treatment and stacking sequences on water absorption and flexural strength in woven agel and glass fibers reinforced hybrid composites. The research materials are woven agel fiber, E-200 glass fiber, unsaturated polyester resin Yukalac 157 BQTN, and catalyst of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP). The alkali treatment is carried out on the woven agel fibers by soaking the fiber in 5% NaOH solution for 1 hour. Then the fiber is washed with fresh water and dried for 48 hours. Manufacturing techniques used vacuum bagging with suction pressure of 70 cmHg at room temperature. The amount of reinforcing fiber 7 fibers consists of 3 glass fibers and 4 agel woven fibers. The water absorption test uses a 3.5% NaCl solution for 1080 hours at room temperature. Water absorption test specimens based on ASTM D570 standard. The research results showed that alkali treatment with glass fiber arrangement on the specimen surface effectively decreased water absorption and increased the flexural strength of woven agel and glass fibers hybrid composites. This can be seen from the decrease in water content in equilibrium by 8.67%, the diffusion coefficient of 5.74 x 10-12 m2/s, and the flexural strength before and after immersion, which are 135 MPa and 125 MPa respectively.
Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is today’s one of rapidly growing nanocomposite reinforcing materials. This is thanks to some advantages that come with it over anorganic nanocomposite reinforcing materials, for example, nanoclay, nanosilica, nanoalumina, carbon nanotubes, among others. Some of the advantages of NCC are environment-friendliness due to being organic-compound-based, high mechanical property, and easy manufacturing. NCC can be extracted from natural cellulose sources, such as natural fiber, wood, and animals. One of the natural fibers rich in cellulose content, in this case around 80%, is fiber of ramie which is ubiquitous in Indonesia. It is well known that the acid hydrolysis method is an easy route to NCC fabrication. A number of chemical treatments like de-waxing, bleaching, and alkaline treatment are typically performed prior to acid hydrolysis process. The effect of such chemical treatments as precursors of alkaline hydrolysis on ramie fiber characteristics was investigated in this research. Firstly, ramie fiber was cut 1 cm in size, then grinded and sieved. The fiber was then subjected to de-waxing process by adding it into a toluene-ethanol solution (1:2). Then, it was submitted to bleaching with 0.7% sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution at 75 °C for 1 hour. Lastly, the fiber was subjected to an alkaline treatment in 2% NaOH solution for 2 hours. Characterization with FT-IR, XRD, and TGA of the fiber which had underwent a number of surface treatments was conducted. Results show that the chemical treatments had successfully removed amorphous components like lignin and hemicellulose from the ramie fiber. Chemical treatments were proven able to increase the crystallinity index and thermal stability of ramie fiber.
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