Sequence analyses of the plastid genes atpB and rbcL support an expanded order Malvales. Within this alliance, core Malvales are clearly supported and comprise most genera that have previously been included in Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaccae, and Malvaceae. Additional well supported malvalean alliances include the bixalean clade (Bixaceae, Diegodendraceae, and Cochlospermaceae), the cistalean clade (Cistaccac, Dipterocarpaceae, and Sarcolaenaceae) and Thymelaeaceae (including Gonystyloideae and Aquilarioideae). Our results indicate sister-group relationships between ( I ) Neuradaceae and the cistalean clade;
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