The aim of this research was conducted to investigate the effect of interaction between dietary enzymes [β-mannanase enzyme (M) and β-glucanase enzyme (G)] and metabolizable energy (ME) on small intestine morphology in male broilers. In the present study, 160 male broilers were assigned and analyzed under a 2 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments were carried out for 21 days and chickens were subsequently slaughtered and samples of different parts of small intestine were collected for morphological assessment.

This study had the aim of evaluating the effects of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) on performance, carcass characteristics, some blood parameters and antibody titre against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in quail. A total of 240 quail chicks were allotted to 4 treatments consisting of respectively 0, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg dietary MCFA. There were no significant differences in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio among treatments at different stages of the experiment. MCFAs had no significant effect on breast, thigh, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius weight ratios. However, the relative weight of abdominal fat significantly decreased in quail receiving 0.2 and 0.4 MCFA as compared to other treatments. Concentrations of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides and total cholesterol were decreased and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was increased in quail chicks receiving MCFA compared with control quail chicks. The concentrations of SRBC antibody were not statistically different among treatments. It is concluded that MCFA significantly decreased LDL, triglycerides, cholesterol and abdominal fat and increased HDL in quail chicks.

Hypocalcaemia is an important disorder associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases, and many studies have been going on for decades. This study investigated the effects of anionic and zeolite with an oral Ca bolus in the prepartum phase on milk yields and compositions, and plasma Ca concentrations, blood metabolites and the prevalence of some reproductive disorders in dairy cows after parturition. Ninety pregnant non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned to three isoenergetic diets and their counterparts using an oral Ca bolus: (1) Control (CON): low Ca (0.44%); (2) Anionic (ANI): high Ca (1.00%); (3) Zeolite (ZEO): low Ca (0.44%). The feed and energy intakes of the CON and ZEO groups were higher than the ANI group. The raw milk yield, Pr%, and feed efficiency did not differ between the groups, while the corrected milk yield, fat% and total corrected milk yield at 305 days differed between groups. Total plasma and the ionized Ca concentration of the ANI and ZEO groups, at calving time and in 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after that, were higher than in the CON group. The frequencies of hypocalcaemia and reproductive disorders in the ANI and ZEO groups were lower than in the CON. The blood metabolite levels in the CON group were higher than in other groups. In conclusion, the ANI and ZEO diets and their counterparts supplemented with an oral Ca bolus improved the milk production traits, plasma calcium and metabolites concentration and also effectively prevented reproductive disorders.

The growth performance and serum concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) of 15 Holstein young bulls with an initial mean live weight of 200±25 kg was studied in response to a dietary rumen-protected fat (RPF) supplementation [3 or 5% of dry matter (DM)] during hot, humid climate (in Guilan, Iran, during summer season) in four sequential 21-d periods. The growth performance and serum T3 concentration were measured at the end of each period. Results showed that there were no differences in the daily DM intake among the treatments in all experimental periods. During all 21-d periods and overall, the bulls fed RPF-containing diet gained significantly more weight than those receiving control diet. The young bulls fed diets containing 5% RPF gained more weight than those receiving 3% RPF-containing diets. The lowest weigh gain was observed for young bulls fed the control diet. The highest (P<0.05) feed to gain (f:g) ratios were observed for young bulls fed control diet and the lowest f:g ratios were observed for those fed 5% RPF-containing diet. Serum T3 concentration in the young bulls fed 5% RPF-containing diet was significantly higher than those fed 3% RPF or control diet in all experimental periods and overall. The variations in response to dietary RPF supplements among treatments could be related to lower metabolic heat production of RPFs rather than proteins and carbohydrates, especially in hot, humid conditions.

Effects of 2 various levels of AME (according to the manual recommendation and 100 kcal kg(-1) less than it), 2 levels of endo-beta-D-mannanase enzyme (0, 1 g kg(-1)) and 2 levels of xylanase enzyme (0 and 1 g kg(-1)) on serum lipid parameters as a 2(3) factorial arrangement were tested in 120 male broiler chicks fed wheat-soybean meal-based diet. These birds were randomly assigned to 8 experimental groups with 3 pen per group and 5 birds per pen. The serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL), LDL-cholesterol (LDL), Total-cholesterol (TC) and Triglycerides (TG) concentrations were measured at 31 and 41 day of age. The concentrations of serum TG, TC and LDL of 41-day-old birds demonstrated to be lower than those of 31-d-old (p < 0.001). Some hypolipidemic responses were observed in the broiler chicks fed on (1) Diet supplemented with only beta-mannanase, (2) Normal-AME diets supplemented with p-mannanase, (3) Normal-AME diets supplemented with Xylanse and (4) Normal-AME diets supplemented with both beta-mannanase and Xylanase (p < 0.01). In the other hand, some hyperlipidemic responses were detected in the broiler chicks fed on low-AME diets supplemented with xylanse or beta-mannanase enzymes, alone or in combination (p < 0.01). Regardless of AME, adding both xylanse and beta-mannanase to the wheat-soybean meal-based diets have both hyperlipidemic and hypolipidemic effects together (p < 0.01).

A total of 36 breeder roosters were divided to 4 dietary treatments which were consisting of 3 pens with 3 birds per pen. Treatments were as follow: 1) Control diet without vitamins C and vitamin E, 2) Cdiet containing 1000 mg/kg vitamin C, 3) E-diet containing 1000 mg/kg vitamin E and 4) E+C diet containing vitamins C and E (1000mg/kg of each vitamin). Diets were fed to the roosters for a 28 d experimental period. Sperm collection was done by rubbing the belly method, and semen was diluted by of solution tris buffer and kept at 5°C temperature. Evaluated parameters were as follow: semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, progressive sperm, live sperm, at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, hours after sperm collection. Data analyzed by CRD and mean compared with Duncan multiple range test at the 5% level (P<0.05). Results indicated that Vitamin E resulted in increasing of semen volume and concentration, motility, live sperm, progressive sperm, at all evaluated times. Results of vitamin E+C diet were similar to vitamin E diets but despite of vitamin E this diet (C+E) is same as vitamin C diets, too. It seems that, in this study, dietary vitamin E can improve Varaminian rooster sperm characteristic rather than the other experimental groups in dirds. Therefore addition of vitamin E in the rooster diets in order to improve sperm characteristics, can be recommended.

One hundred and eighty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned four dietary treatments. The first treatment group was fed a basal diet containing soya oil (Control-SO) but the other treatments were fed tallowcontaining basal diets supplemented with no medicinal plants (Control-T), 10 g/kg sun-dried garlic (SDG) or 10 g/kg psyllium seeds (PS). Growth performance in starter, grower and finisher periods, serum at 28-, 35-and 42-d-old and carcass characteristics at 42-d-old chicks were measured. Growth performance was unaffected by addition of 10 g/kg SDG or PS to diets (P 0.10). Gizzard weight decreased in PS-containing diet rather than Control-T (P B 0.05). Pancreas weight increased in PS-containing diet and jejunum weight decreased in SDGcontaining and liver weight decreased in Control-T diet rather than Control-SO diet (P B0.05). Serum biochemicals were not different among dietary treatments. Tallow-containing diets rather than diets containing SO showed an increase in serum total cholesterol by 23.6% on average.

The Gram negative bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes lives anaerobically in the bovine rumen and secretes β-glucanase. Barley is a cheap food input for poultry production but it is low in nutrients due to its beta glucan content. Supplementing exogenous β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) to broiler diets can decrease the viscosity of the intestinal content by hydrolyzing the β-glucan and enhancing nutrient digestibility. In the current study, β-glucanase enzymatic activity was assayed after extraction from bovine rumen fluid, and then its effect on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, duodenum microbial flora, hematological and immunological parameters was compared with a commercial enzyme. A total of 120 local broilers (Golpayegani-Ross hybrid) was allocated to 3 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 10 birds per replicate/pen. Over a 49-day experimental period, broilers were fed a basal diet (T1), basal diet with 10 IU of extracted β-glucanase and 20% barley (T2) and basal diet with 10 IU of commercial β-glucanase and 20% barley (T3). T2 significantly increased body weight gain and decreased feed intake over the whole experimental period. Treatments had a significant effect on hematological parameters except low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration (P<0.01). Treatments did not affect antibody titration. The highest non-eviscerated carcass weight (P<0.05) and eviscerated carcass weight (P>0.05) were associated with the T2. The same treatment also caused a significant increase in lactobacilli and Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, enzyme addition had a positive effect on broiler performance without any adverse effects on humoral immunity parameters.Gram negatif bakteri Fibrobacter succinogenes, sığır rumeninde anaerobik olarak yaşar ve β-glukanaz salgılar. Arpa, kanatlı hayvan üretimi için ucuz bir besin maddesidir, ancak içerdiği beta glukan nedeniyle besin değeri düşüktür. Broyler diyetlerine eksojen β-glukanazın (EC 3.2.1.4) eklenmesi, β-glukanın hidrolize edilmesi yoluyla intestinal içeriğin viskozitesini azaltarak besinlerin sindirilebilirliğini arttırabilir. Bu çalışmada, sığır rumen sıvısından yapılan ekstraksiyondan elde edilen β-glukanazın enzimatik aktivitesi incelendi ve daha sonra broyler performansı, karkas özellikleri, duodenum mikrobiyal florası, hematolojik ve immünolojik parametreler üzerindeki etkisi ticari bir enzimle karşılaştırıldı. Toplam 120 lokal ırk broyler (Golpayegani-Ross hibrid), uygulama başına 4 tekrar ve her tekrarda 10 hayvan olacak şekilde 3 gruba ayrıldı. Kırkdokuz günlük deney süresince, broylerlere bazal diyet (T1), 10 IU ekstrakte β-glukanaz ve %20 arpa içeren bazal diyet (T2) ve 10 IU ticari β-glukanaz ve %20 arpa içeren bazal diyet (T3) verildi. Tüm deney dönemi boyunca T2 diyeti vücut ağırlığını önemli ölçüde arttırdı ve yem alımını azalttı. Tedaviler, düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein (LDL) konsantrasyonu (P<0.01) dışındaki hematolojik parametreler üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahipti. Bununla birlikte antikor düzeyi farklı tedavilerden etki...