Background Though the use of salivary miRNAs as potential biomarkers has been reported in few diseases/conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and oral cancer, there are no reported studies on their utility in periodontal diagnostics. Thus, the aim of the present study was to profile salivary miRNAs and identify the most suitable salivary miRNA biomarker in chronic periodontitis. Methods In this study, we have explored the potential application of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology for profiling miRNAs in two unstimulated saliva samples collected by passive drool method from a patient diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis and a healthy control. Subsequently, the validation of most highly expressed known miRNA in periodontitis was performed in saliva samples collected from an independent set of 16 chronic periodontitis patients and 16 periodontally healthy controls using quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Target gene prediction and pathway mapping were performed using bioinformatic tools. Results NGS analysis identified 40 upregulated and 40 downregulated known miRNAs in chronic periodontitis compared to healthy controls, of which miR‐143‐3p was the most highly expressed miRNA in periodontitis (Read count – 227630; fold change – 5.82). Validation using qRT‐PCR showed significant upregulation of miR‐143‐3p expression in the test group compared with controls (P < 0.05). K‐RAS (V‐Ki‐ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene) gene was predicted as the target gene for miR‐143‐3p in humans. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathway mapping revealed the involvement of K‐RAS in mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. Conclusions The application of NGS for miRNA expression profiling can be considered a valuable tool in detection of novel biomarkers in periodontal diagnostics. Also, the results of the study points to the potential utility of miR143‐3p as a novel salivary biomarker for chronic periodontitis.
The defects of the skull cause mechanical vulnerability of the brain, esthetic disfigurement, and transmission of vibrations and pulsation of the brain. Subsequent cranioplasty may be required to compensate for the defect and to alleviate various signs and symptoms. When long-term outcome of biomaterial use in pediatric cases is limited, alloplastic cranioplasty in adults are supported by several large case series. This case report narrates cranioplasty using titanium alloplastic implant material.
Aim: To systematically review the reported techniques, for evaluating the risk and difficulty encountered in the management of fractured abutment screw in accordance with the location of fracture, and to develop a logical sequence in managing an implant abutment screw fracture. Settings and Design: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database for articles published between January 2000 and March 2020 was performed by 2 independent reviewers. Case reports and case series that described the management of fractured implant abutment screw were included. Published articles were qualitatively analyzed employing CARE guidelines and were classified according to the location of screw fracture with respect to implant platform, risk of damage to the implant, and intervention for managing the fractured screw. Statistical Analysis Used: Qualitative analyisis. Results: A total of 28 articles were included in the review. Two of them explained the management of screw fracture at or above the implant platform and required only mild approach with low risk while the others explained the management of screw fracture below the level of implant platform. Among them, 6 were considered mild approach with low risk, 13 moderate approach with moderate risk, and 8 of them severe approach with high risk. Conclusion: Irrespective of the technique, any attempt to retrieve abutment screw fragment poses some risk to the implant which is varying from mild to severe. As the location of fracture is more gingival to the implant platform, difficulty of retrieval as well as risk to the implant increases. The proposed decisionmaking tree will be a useful tool in helping clinicians to manage abutment screw fracture.
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