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Solid state fermentation (SSF) of canola meal has been carried out to reduce its phytic acid content using Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135. In certain batches, a complete reduction of phytic acid content in canola meal was achieved in 48 h. A larger amount of biomass in the inoculum and older inoculum increased the rate of phytic acid hydrolysis. The optimum moisture content of the medium was found to be 67% for phytic acid hydrolysis in an SSF process. The substitution of water in the semi-solid medium with acetate buffer resulted in faster reduction of the phytic acid content. A 15% increase in the amount of protein after 120 h of incubation was observed in the treated meal. The crude phytase preparation extracted from the canola meal after it was treated in an SSF process was also used for reduction of the phytic acid content in new batches of canola meal both in semi-solid medium and in liquid medium. In the semi-solid medium, 58% of the phytic acid was hydrolysed at 45°C in 20 h, while 100% hydrolysis was recorded at 50 ° C in 12 h in the liquid medium. The SSF process seems to be beneficial for the upgrading of canola meal by reducing both its phytic acid content and increasing the amount of protein.

Electron microscopy of rat hepatocytes revealed a diurnal variation in the relative amounts of endoplasmic reticulum structures and regional differences in their distribution within the hepatic lobule. The diurnal changes in smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum structures were compared with the diurnal changes in the hepatic microsomal enzyme hexobarbital oxidase. In the control group, at the time when enzyme activity was maximum, the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum was also maximum and vice versa. When the enzyme rhythm was abolished, as in blinded rats, the diurnal rhythm in the endoplasmic reticulum was also abolished.

Production of the phytase (EC 3.1.3.8) from Aspergillus ficuum in a submerged batch process was inhibited by high concentrations of glucose. The inhibition was overcome by applying a fed batch technique in the production of the enzyme. Tests carried out at different oxygen concentrations revealed that aeration had a beneficial effect on the production of the enzyme. The enzyme showed an optimum p H and temperature of 5.0 and 60"C, respectively. Preincubation of the enzyme preparation at 60°C resulted in relatively fast denaturation of the enzyme. Upon storage at 4°C it lost only 15% of its activity in 5 weeks. Aspergillus ficuum also produced phytase when grown on canola meal by a solid state technique. The enzyme catalysed degradation of the phytic acid present in the meal and completely eliminated it, rendering the commodity more suitable for animal feed. An apparent 10% increase in protein content of the canola meal was noted as a result ofthe growth ofthe microorganism.

Background:Epidermoid cysts, one of the common benign intradermal or subcutaneous tumors commonly result from the trauma to the pilosebaceous unit in the hair bearing area. In areas without hair, these cysts are considered implantation and proliferation of squamous epithelium into the dermis due to injury.Aims:The aim is to evaluate the clinicopathological details with emphasis on unusual findings related to epidermoid cysts.Study Design:This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out over 2 years.Materials and Methods:A total of 103 cases of epidermoid cysts were included in the study. The clinical details such as age, gender, sites, and dimensions were noted. The histopathological findings were evaluated and correlated with the clinical findings.Results:The highest incidence was observed in the age group of 21–30 years (23.3%, 24/103) and the most common affected region was the head and neck region (32%, 33/103). The size of cysts ranged from 0.3 to 9 cm in diameter with a mean of 2.1 cm. The unusual sites observed in this study were four at the left sole, two at right sole, two at prepuce, and one each at the right finger, left palm, and oral cavity. Histopathological findings included rupture of epidermoid cysts with giant cell reaction, melanin pigmentation, and association with other pathologies such as keloid and lipoma.Conclusion:Epidermoid cysts are common benign intradermal or subcutaneous tumors, but they can have unusual presentations and histopathological findings. Epidermoid cysts need early diagnosis and treatment as they can cause cosmetic and functional impairment.

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Solid state fermentation of canola meal has been carried o u t for the reduction of its phytie acid content using the following microorganisms : Rhiwpus oligosporus NRRL 2990, Aspergillus niger XRC 5765 and NRC 401 121, Aspergillus f i c u u m NRRL 3135 and a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. The results showed. that all these microorganisms can be used for the reduction of the phytic acid content in the tested material. A . ficuum which completely hydrolyzed the phytic acid in 45 hours was the most efficient. Buffered systems, aeration and an increase in inoculum concentration caused faster and higher reduction of phytic acid content in canola meal.

Bennett movement has been extensively discussed in the literature, yet the clinical relevance of Bennett’s contribution in the field of Prosthodontics and restorative dentistry remains unclear. An electronic search of articles in PubMed database for relevant literature published between 1958 until present day was meticulously scrutinized with the following search terms: lateral movements or immediate mandibular lateral translation or mandibular side shift or Bennett side shift or Bennett movement. After conducting an extensive and in-depth review of the literature, the authors were unable to conclusively find the clinical relevance of Bennett movement. Moreover, the logical sequence could not be negated fully. For the beginners in the profession, it is desirable to incorporate this for intellectual and logical satisfaction until new research proves otherwise. The Bennett movement have little or no clinical impact in a restorative occlusal scheme.