Can. Enr. 117: 1249-1255 (1985) Banchus Jlavescens Cresson is the most abundant hymenopterous parasitoid of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra conjigurata Walker, in western Canada. The females attack lst, 2nd, and 3rd instars of the host. The speed of parasitoid development is adjusted so that the 2nd instar is completed when the host finishes feeding. Banchus Jlavescens has an obligate diapause and overwinters as a prepupa within a cocoon in the soil. Notes on life history and descriptions of the egg and 5 larval instars of B. Jlavescens are given.
ResumeBanchusJlavescens Cresson est le parasite hym6noptere le plus abondant de la 1Cgionnaire bertha, Mamestra conjigurata Walker, dans l'ouest du Canada. Les femelles s'attaquent aux premier, deuxieme et troisieme stades de developpernent de l'h6te. Le rythme de developpement du parasite est adapt6 de telle sorte que le deuxieme stade est complCt6 lorsque l'h6te a fini de se nourrir. Banchus Jlavescens a une diapause obligatoire et hiverne sous forme de pr6pupe dans un cocon enfoui dans le sol. Les auteurs pr6sentent des notes sur le cycle biologique et des descriptions de l'oeuf et des 5 stades larvaires de B. Jlavescens.
The toxicities of a large number of spray chemicals to arthropod pests are well known. In most instances, observations on the effects of such materials on natural enemies have beeen incidental to other studies, and little has been published on experiments designed to determine the direct toxicities of the chemicals to beneficial species. The effects of spray chemicals on the predators and parasites of the major pests of apple trees in Nova Scotia have been investigated as part of a broader project on the factors that influence population densities of orchard arthropods, as outlined by Pickett et al. (31).
Utilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.
The design of orchard pest control programs that favor natural enemies is based partly on a knowledge of the toxicity of spray chemicals to beneficial arthropods. This paper summarizes the results of tests conducted during the past five years to determine toxicities, and it includes some previously published data (MacPhee and Sanford 1954 and 1956). Tests were discontinued after 1955 on the species Stethorus punctum (Lec.), Euderus spp., Scambus spp., and Trichograma minutum Riley and on the chemical formulations Aramite, Chlorocide, Erad, fixed nicotine, lime sulphur, Puratized Agricultural Spray, summer oil, and synthetic cryolite. Tests were initiated on the phytoseiids Typhlodromus finlandicus (Oudms.) and T. rhenanus (Oudms.), and the mirid Psallus sp., and also on the pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner preparation, demeton, Diazinon, dodine, Kelthane, Kepone, Rhothane, Sevin, Tedion, Trithion and zineb. Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was previously reported as T. tiliae (Oudms.), a synonym, and Atractotomus mali (Meyer) is an authoritative identification of the species previously listed as Criocoris saliens (Reuter).
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