The study region covers 1,650 km 2 of the MidGanga Basin in Bihar, experiencing intensive groundwater draft. The area forms a part of the Gangetic alluvial plain where high incidence of arsenic groundwater contamination ([50 lg/l) has recently been detected. Seventy-seven groundwater samples have been collected and analysed for major ions, iron and arsenic. Arsenic contamination (max 620 lg/l) is confined in hand pump zones (15-35 m) within the newer alluvium deposited during Middle Holocene to Recent age. The older alluvial aquifers are arsenicsafe and recorded maximum concentration as 9 lg/l. Out of 12 hydrochemical facies identified, four have been found arsenic-affected: Ca-HCO 3 , Mg-HCO 3 , Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Mg-Ca-HCO 3 . The geochemical evolution of groundwater, as investigated by graphical interpretation and statistical techniques (correlation, principal component analysis) revealed that dissolution of detrital calcite, dolomite and infiltration of rainwater are the major processes shaping the groundwater chemistry in the newer alluvium. Arsenic and iron showed strong positive correlation. Rainfall infiltration, carrying organic matter from recently accumulated biomass from this flood-prone belt, plays a critical role in releasing arsenic and iron present in the sediments. Geochemical evolution of groundwater in older alluvium follows a different path, where cationexchange has been identified as a significant process.
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