Batteries are the backbones of the sustainable energy transition for stationary off-grid, portable electronic devices, and plug-in electric vehicle applications. Both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), most commonly rely on carbon-based anode materials and are usually derived from non-renewable sources such as fossil deposits. Biomass-derived carbon materials are extensively researched as efficient and sustainable anode candidates for LIBs and NIBs. The main purpose of this perspective is to brief the use of biomass residues for the preparation of carbon anodes for LIBs and NIBs annexed to the biomass-derived carbon physicochemical structures and their aligned electrochemical properties. In addition, an outlook and some challenges faced in this promising area of research is presented. This review enlightens the readers with valuable insights and a reasonable understanding of issues and challenges faced in the preparation, physicochemical properties, and application of biomass-derived carbon materials as anode candidates for LIBs and NIBs.

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Lithium iron orthosilicate (LFS) cathode can be prepared via the polyol-assisted ball milling method with the incorporation of carbon derived from eggshell membrane (ESM) for improving inherent poor electronic conduction. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the diffraction peaks without any presence of further impure phase. Overall, 9 wt.% of carbon was loaded on the LFS, which was identified using thermogravimetric analysis. The nature of carbon was described using parameters such as monolayer, and average surface area was 53.5 and 24 m 2 g −1 with the aid of Langmuir and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area respectively. The binding energy was observed at 285.66 eV for C-N owing to the nitrogen content in eggshell membrane, which provides more charge carriers for conduction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images clearly show the carbon coating on the LFS, the porous nature of carbon, and the atom arrangements. From the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve, the ratio of the anodic to the cathodic peak current was calculated as 1.03, which reveals that the materials possess good reversibility. Due to the reversibility of the redox mechanism, the material exhibits discharge specific capacity of 194 mAh g −1 for the first cycle, with capacity retention and an average coulombic efficiency of 94.7% and 98.5% up to 50 cycles.Energies 2020, 13, 786 2 of 13 iron silicate (Li 2 FeSiO 4 ) arrived in 2005 with the theoretical capacity twice the time of LiFePO 4 . It is also a safer and environmentally benign cathode material for energy storage applications [17]. Physical and electrochemical factors such as structural imperfection, ion diffusion, and low electronic conduction inhibit the utilization of theoretical capacity [18]. The inherent poor electronic conduction and ionic diffusion must be resolved by adopting some approaches such as particle size reduction [19], metal doping [20], and carbon coating on the surface of LFS [21]. The reduced particle size of LFS paved a way to shorten the Li + diffusion path. Hence, nanosized materials are still emerging in Li-ion batteries [22]. Cation doping is an effective strategy for widening the Li + diffusion channel and increases the output voltage of LFS-based Li-ion batteries [23]. Carbon coating is another effective approach to improve the electronic conductivity of cathodes made from Li 2 FeSiO 4 . Not only does it display excellent conduction behavior, carbon established an ideal matrix for cathode LFS which is due to the high dispersal over the surface. Besides, carbon coating prevents the decomposition of the electrolyte and integrates the particles within the volume. In this LFS, different carbon sources have been used to enhance the conductivity of LFS [24]. In the sol-gel method, sorbitanlaurat was used as carbon source by Qu et al. [25] and obtained the specific discharge capacity of 187 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C. Yen et al. [26] reveals that carbon derived from L-ascorbic acid on LFS exhibits the capacity of 137 mAh g −1 at slow rate (C/16). The biolo...

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Superior sodium-ion-conducting polymer poly(vinyledene fluoride)–silicon dioxide (PVdF-SiO2) composite separator membrane was prepared via simple phase inversion method, which is a suitable alternative conventional polypropylene membrane. Basically, PVdF is the promising for use as high porous polymer electrolyte membrane due to its high dielectric constant (ε = 8.4). In this work, we prepared a composite membrane using PVdF-SiO2 via phase inversion method. This work was systematically studied towards the morphology, porosity, and electrochemical properties of as prepared membrane. The electrolyte uptake capability of separator membrane tested with 1 M NaPF6 electrolyte solution and temperature-dependent ionic conduction test were performed at various temperatures. This membrane exhibits higher ionic conductivity of 4.7 × 10−2 S cm−1 at room temperature. The physical properties were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and FE-SEM micrographs analyses. The electrochemical performances with impedance analysis carried for prepared membrane with the as-prepared sodium P2-type cathode material. The material showed an initial discharge capacity of 178 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C between 2 and 4 V with 98% columbic efficiency and 81% capacity retention after 50 cycles upon using the as-prepared PVdF-SiO2 composite separator membrane.

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