Nanoscience coupled with nanotechnology emerged as possible cost-cutting approach to prodigal farming and environmental clean-up operations. Hence there is a need for a more innovative fertilizer approach that can increase the productivity of agricultural systems and more environmental friendly than synthetic fertilizers. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design with 11 treatments in three replications. The field experiment was carried out at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during Kharif seasons of 2019 and 2020. In this research, we studied the recent development and potential benefits derived from the use of nanofertilizers (NFs) in modern agriculture. Nanofertilizers facilitate slow and steady release of nutrients, thereby reduce the loss of nutrients and enhance the nutrient use efficiency. In the present study, the nanofertilizers such as IFFCO nanonitrogen (nano N), IFFCO nanocopper (nano Cu), IFFCO nanozinc (nano Zn) and IFFCO sagarika were sprayed to the maize crop in different combinations with recommended dose of fertilizers. Among the different combinations of nanofertilizers with recommended dose of fertilizers the treatment T11 [50% N, 100% PK, 0% Zinc + 2 sprays of IFFCO nano N (4ml/l) mixed with IFFCO Sagarika (2 ml/l)] showed significant effect on the growth and yield parameters with maximum yield of 58.90 q/ha and highest B:C of 2.99. Whereas, treatment T10 [50% N, 100% PK, 0% Zinc + 2 sprays of IFFCO nano N (4ml/l) mixed with nano Zn (2 ml/l) and IFFCO nano Cu (2ml/l)] was found superior with regard to management of Turcicum leaf blight disease with minimum of 18.20 per cent severity.
An integrated approach for management of aflatoxin contamination in chilli was undertaken by evaluating the fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts against Aspergillus flavus under both in vitro and field condition. Maximum inhibition of radial growth (91.1%) was observed with 0.3% mancozeb followed by captan (85.2%). Carbendazim (73%) was effective and superior over other systemic fungicides. A complete inhibition (100%) of A. flavus was observed in neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), nimbicidin and pongamia oil at 5%. An indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescens bioagent isolate inhibited (74.9%) the growth of A. flavus over Trichoderma harzianum (70.4%). The superior performing fungicides, plant extracts and bioagents identified under in vitro were used for challenge inoculation on chilli fruits and so also for field evaluation. The captan treated fruits recorded the least infection of A. flavus (1.6%) followed by P. fluorescens (2.0%), NSKE (2.2%) and nimbicidin treated fruits (7.8%) as against control (38.3%). As regards to field evaluation, the least incidence was recorded in NSKE sprayed chilli plot (1.6%) and was on par with captan (2.2%), P. fluorescens (2.4%) and T. harzianum (2.6%) compared to control (7.4%). Hence, a pre-harvest spray of NSKE (5%) or mancozeb (0.3%) or P. fluorescens (1× 10 8 cfu/ml) 10 days before harvest of chilli is recommended for field level management of aflatoxin.Keywords Aflatoxin . Aspergillus flavus . Bioagents . Chilli . Fungicides . Plant extracts Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is the universal spice and is grown in almost all states of India for the domestic market and export purpose. Chilli crop suffers from many field and post harvest diseases such as damping off, anthracnose or fruit rot, die back, wilt, murda complex, leaf spots and powdery mildew mostly under field conditions but the infection of chilli due to aflatoxin fungi, Aspergillus flavus is specific during and after harvest. The infection occurs on stored fruits and the contamination with aflatoxin deteriorates the quality and make the produce unfit for consumption, thereby restricting the export trade. The incidence of A. flavus contamination on chilli fruits was recorded up to 29.3% (Naik et al. 2003) in the Northern region of Karnataka. Aflatoxin contamination and pesticide residues are the twin problems faced by Indian chillies in the global market trade. It is essential to formulate proper strategies for management of aflatoxin contamination in chilli. The present paper makes an effort to develop an integrated approach for management of aflatoxin contaminating fungus, A. flavus in chilli by evaluating the fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts under in vitro and to evolve a satisfactory management of aflatoxin contamination in chillies using the best performing fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts under field conditions.
The investigation on 'Flowering response of Dendrobium cv. EARSAKUL to plant growth promoters in different growing conditions' was conducted at College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala. Results revealed that, among plant growth promoters, the treatment POP + OM + VW + PGPRE + Bone meal + GR (T 4 ) resulted in longer spike (31.34 cm), more flower count (6.54) and longer vase life (30.00 days), whereas, the treatment NPK + GR + OM + VW + PGPRE + Bone meal (T 6 ) was the best with respect to time taken for first flower opening (14.52 days) and number of spikes per plant (2.62) in six month old plants. In three year old plants, the treatment POP + OM + VW + PGPRE + Bone meal + GR (T 4 ) was the best with respect to time taken for flowering (283.91 days), days to last flower opening (10.98 days), number of spikes (2.63) and vase life (28.26 days), whereas, length of the spike (30.46 cm) and number of flowers (5.08) were the highest in the treatment NPK + GR + OM + VW + PGPRE + Bone meal (T 6 ). Among three systems of growing, top ventilated polyhouse (S 2 ) had maximum influence on flower characters. In interaction, the combination of POP + OM + VW + PGPRE + Bone meal + GR (T 4 ) and top ventilated polyhouse (S 2 ) was significantly superior in flower characters irrespective of the age of the plants.
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