The glutamate dehydrogenase gene of Escherichia coli has been cloned into broad host-range plasmids and can complement glutamate synthase mutants of Methylophilus methylotrophus. Assimilation of ammonia via glutamate dehydrogenase is more energy-efficient than via glutamate synthase, thus the recombinant organism converts more growth substrate, methanol, into cellular carbon.
We investigated transport systems for tri-iodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) in the human choriocarcinoma cell line, JAR, using a range of structurally similar compounds to determine whether these thyroid hormones are transported by common or different mechanisms. Saturable T 3 but not saturable T 4 uptake was inhibited by a wide range of aromatic compounds (nitrendipine, nifedipine, verapamil, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, diazepam, phenytoin).Nitrendipine and diazepam were the most effective inhibitors of saturable thyroid hormone uptake. Nitrendipine decreased the K m for T 4 uptake from a control value of around 500 nM to around 300 nM (n=6).In contrast, the K m for T 3 uptake was increased from a control value of around 300 nM to around 750 nM (n=4). Diazepam had similar effects. This divergent shift in affinity for the uptake of T 3 and T 4 suggested that separate uptake systems exist for these two thyroid hormones.This provides evidence for at least two transporters mediating uptake of T 3 and T 4 in JAR cells: a specific T 4 transporter that does not interact with T 3 or structurally similar compounds; and a shared iodothyronine transporter that interacts with T 3 , T 4 , nitrendipine and diazepam.
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