Species-and population-specific differences in fungicide resistance and aggressiveness within Botrytis makes basic data on genetic diversity important for understanding disease caused by this fungus. Genetic diversity of Botrytis was surveyed between 2008 and 2012 from grapes from five New Zealand wine-growing regions. A total of 1226 isolates were gathered from symptomless flower buds at the start of the growing season and 1331 isolates from diseased fruit at harvest. Two species were found, B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea. Botrytis pseudocinerea was common in both Auckland vineyards sampled, and infrequent elsewhere. However, even in Auckland, it was rarely isolated from diseased fruit. The presence of the Boty and Flipper transposons was assessed. Isolates with all four transposon states (Boty only, Flipper only, both Boty and Flipper, no transposons) were found for both species. Both vineyards in the Auckland region had high numbers of Flipper-only isolates at flowering; both vineyards from the Waipara region had high numbers of Boty-only isolates at flowering. Most isolates from diseased fruit at harvest contained both transposons. These observations suggest that B. pseudocinerea, and isolates with one or both of the transposons missing, may be less aggressive than B. cinerea, or than isolates with both transposons present. Two clades were resolved within B. pseudocinerea, only one of which has been reported from European vineyards. Phylogenetic diversity within B. cinerea in New Zealand was similar to that known from Europe, including isolates that appear to match Botrytis 'Group S'. The taxonomic implications of this genetic diversity are discussed.
The dicarboximide fungicide iprodione ('Rovral') gave a high degree of control of infection by low-level dicarboximide-resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea Pers. : Fr. on detached leaves of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) when the inoculum was in the form of conidia, but not when a mycelial plug inoculum was used. This difference in response partially explains how low-level dicarboximideresistant strains can be present in crops where dicarboximide fungicides are in use, without causing obvious losses of disease control.
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