Salt-affected soil is a major world-wide problem wilh many hectares of land lost to cultivation each year. To combat this problem, the development and assessment of a novel sail lolcranl cereal, tritipyrum. was carried out. This is a hybrid between wheat and Thinopyrum hcssnrcihlcum, a very salt-tolerant member of the Triticeae, A range of tritipyrums derived from crosses between letraploid wheat, Triticum durum, and Th. bessurabicum was produced. Although meiosis in the iriiipyrums was generally regular, chromosome pairing failure was observed in each of the genotypes. In addition, ihe level of fertility was relatively tow. the fertility of bagged spikes ranging from 29% to 51%, One trilipyrum produced multiple seeds in some florets. Three Iritipyrums selected at random performed better than their wheat parents in hydroculture experiments in each of three treatments {150. 200 and 250 mol/m' NaCi), The potential for the exploitation of tritipyrum in salt-affected soils is discussed.
SUMMARYSalt-afTected soil is a major problem and has led to large areas of the earth's surface being unable to support agriculture. Wheat is not tolerant to high levels of salt; however, a number of its wild relatives, in particular Thinopyrum bessarabicum Savul. and Rayss, which grov^^s on the Black Sea shore in the Crimea, are tolerant to high levels of NaCl. Thus the introgression of genes conferring salt tolerance from Th. bessarabicum into Triticum aestivum is one way in which salt-tolerant wheat varieties can be produced. This paper reviews the progress made in developing salt-tolerant wheat carrying Th. bessarabicum genes and salt-tolerant wheat/T/j. bessarabicum amphiploids.
Lines of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring carrying an additional chromosome 5E'' from Thinopyrum bessarabicum or having chromosome 5A or 5D replaced by chromosome 5E^ were screened in hydroculture for tolerance to salt. The previously reported tolerance of the 5E'' addition line was confirmed and the two substitution lines were shown to have a higher level of survival in 175 mol/m^ NaCI than both the addition and the 'Chinese Spring' parent. Reasons for the better tolerance of the substitutions are discussed.
SUMMARYHigh levels of soil aluminium place serious constraints on wheat production on acidic soils, especially in the tropical areas of Africa and South America. Conventional plant breeding has improved the tolerance of the wheat crop, but available genetic variation is limited. The wild relatives of wheat provide a valuable gene pool for the introduction of further genetic variation. One wild species, Aegilops uniaristata Vis. (2n = 2x = 14,NN), is being utilized as a new source of tolerance. Of the addition lines of individual N genome chromosomes oi A. uniaristata to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which have been established and characterized, chromosome 3N has been shown to confer tolerance to wheat. The three substitution lines in which 3N replaces the homoeologous wheat chromosomes, 3A, 3B or 3D, have also been produced. Growing plants to maturity in a low pH/high Al hydroponics system confirmed that chromosome 3N conferred tolerance to the substitution lines as well as to the addition line. By manipulating the genetic control of homoeologous chromosome pairing, chromosome 3N is being recombined with its wheat homoeologues in order to introduce a smaller alien segment which carries the gene(s) for tolerance but not the agronomically unacceptable brittle rachis gene also carried on chromosome 3N.
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