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Background:Various histopathological changes have been observed following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in individual tumors in the literature.Aims and Objectives:To observe histopathologic changes seen after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast malignancies, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and Wilms′ tumor using breast cancer predominantly as the model.Materials and Methods:The present prospective study was carried out on 60 patients including 40 patients with carcinoma breast and 20 patients with other malignancies who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Results:Post neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy specimens revealed nuclear enlargement, nuclear shrinkage, necrosis, vacuolation of nucleus, vacuolation of cytoplasm, dyscohesion, and shrinkage of tumor cells with nuclear changes of nonviability like karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis. Stromal reactions manifested as fibrosis, elastosis, collagenization, hyalinization, microcalcification, and neovascularization. Areas of necrosis included both vascular and avascular pattern. The stroma also revealed fibrinoid necrosis and mucinous change. Hyalinization of the blood vessel wall was a common finding. The most common inflammatory host response observed in the present study was lymphocytic; others included mixed inflammation, plasmacytic, prominent histiocytic, and giant cell types. Giant cell reaction was significantly correlated to all types of tumor responses (P < 0.05). Similar changes were also observed in other malignancies. A detailed review of the literature has also been done and presented.Conclusion:The tumor grade decreases and differentiation improves, in addition to the retrogressive changes and increase in stromal component, as a result of chemotherapy in carcinoma breast as well as in other malignancies.

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A 25-year-old man and a 14-year-old boy presented with neurocutaneous cysticercosis involving the eyelid. Both patients had hundreds of scattered subcutaneous cysticerci. They were arranged in clusters over the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck. Such clustering of cysticerci is highly suggestive of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, as both the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the CNS are supplied by the carotid artery and cysticerci travel via the hematogenous route. We used ultrasonography to diagnose subcutaneous cysticercosis, which showed characteristic low reflective cysts and high reflective scolices inside. Although subcutaneous cysticerci are inconsequential, their verification is important in the diagnosis of more severe CNS involvement. They may be confused with other painless swellings such as lymphadenopathies, neurofibromas, and epidermoid cysts.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a congenital disorder characterised by the triad of cutaneous vascular nevi, soft tissue or bony hypertrophy, and varicose veins or venous malformations involving one or more extremities. An incidence of venous thromboembolism of up to 22% has been reported in this disorder. Also reported but rare is the development of trophic changes. Herein, we report the case of a male with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, venous ulceration, and death due to recurrent pulmonary embolism.

Saline infusion sonohysterography is more accurate in diagnosing submucous fibroids and endometrial polyps in the patients of abnormal uterine bleeding than is TVS. TVS should be included in the standard protocol for the management of AUB. Saline infusion sonohysterography should be reserved for those patients who have centrally located fibroids as they may be submucous.