The nutrient foramina are cavities that conduct the nutrient arteries and the peripheral nerves on the shaft of long bones. Long bones receive most of the interosseous blood supply from the nutrient arteries, and sometimes through the periosteal vessels. Nutrient arteries play an important role in nutrition and growth of the bones particularly during its growth period in the embryo and fetus as well as during early phases of ossification. The present study was conducted in the
Identification of sex by human skeletal remains is a critical problem and is very important in anthropological and medico legal works. Bones often survive the process of decay and therefore provide the major evidence of human age and sex after death. Over the years different authors had carried various types of measurements on human sacra of different races and regions. The present study carried out 81 sacra of unknown sex contains 45 male and 36 female sacra identified by physical characteristics. They were collected from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh region. India may be divided into four regions like North part, South part, West part, and East part for different study purpose on local population. In the present study mean sacral index in males is 104.08 and females are 115.72. The male mean sacral index value of present study is more than the values of Eastern part, north part, other worker of Southern part of India and western part except in Western part in Western Rajasthan population. The female mean sacral index value of present study is higher than the observation of Eastern part, other workers of Southern part of India, Varanasi and Jammu of north part of India and Saurashtra region of western region of India. Observations of the workers from remaining areas of Western part of India and Agra region of North India is higher than the present study. The studies on Indian population suggest that mean sacral index in females is higher than that of males.
To accurate performance of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia it is important to know the variations of sacral hiatus in dry bone. The present observational study conducted on one hundred dry human sacra to evaluate the anatomical and morphometric variations of sacral hiatus. The most common shape of sacral hiatus was inverted 'U' and 'V' respectively. Apex of sacral hiatus present at 3 rd sacral segment in 78% sacra and base is at fifth sacral segment in 89% sacra. The length of sacral hiatus is between 11-20 mm in majority sacra, anteroposterior diameter is 4-6 mm in 63% sacra and transverse diameter is 11-15 mm in of sacral hiatus. Anatomical variations in sacral hiatus can leads to caudal epidural anaesthesia failure and procedure related complications. Understanding these variations may improve success of caudal epidural anaesthesia and decrease incidence of complications.
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