The objective of this study was to manufacture new biodegradable fiberboards by thermo-pressing. The starting material was deoiled cake (only 0.9% oil content), generated during the biorefinery of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) whole plant in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. All fiberboards were cohesive mixtures of proteins and lignocellulosic fibers, acting respectively as binder and reinforcing fillers. The molding experiments were conducted using a 400 ton capacity heated hydraulic press. The influence of molding conditions on board density, mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties, thickness swelling, and water absorption was examined. Molding conditions included pressure applied (24.5-49.0 MPa), molding time (60-300 s), and mold temperature (156-204 • C), and these greatly affected board density and thus the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties. Board density increased with increasingly extreme molding conditions, rising from 1162 to 1324 kg/m 3. The flexural properties increased at the same time (from 12.2 to 27.7 MPa for flexural strength at break, and from 2183 to 5244 MPa for elastic modulus) and also Shore D surface hardness (from 69.6 to 79.0 •). Conversely, Charpy impact strength was low and quite independent of thermo-pressing conditions. Statistical analysis of the Doehlert's experimental design was conducted to determine optimal thermo-pressing conditions for flexural properties, giving 49.0 MPa pressure applied, 300 s molding time, and 204 • C mold temperature. Density of boards molded under these conditions was 1267 kg/m 3. Flexural strength at break, elastic modulus and Shore D surface hardness were 30.3 MPa, 5946 MPa, and 81.5 • , respectively, and these corresponded to the highest values for the entire study. Such boards largely complied with French standard NF EN 312, type P4 (i.e., load bearing boards for use in dry conditions) for flexural properties. However, thickness swelling (30%) needs to be slightly reduced to achieve the 21% recommended standard value.

The morphological transformation of amorphous chromatin into distinct chromosomes is a hallmark of mitosis. To achieve this, chromatin must be compacted and remodeled by a ring-shaped enzyme complex known as condensin. However, the mechanistic basis underpinning condensin's role in chromosome remodeling has remained elusive. Here we show that condensin has a strong tendency to trap itself in its own reaction product during chromatin compaction and yet is capable of interacting with chromatin in a highly dynamic manner in vivo. To resolve this apparent paradox, we identified specific chromatin remodelers and AAA-class ATPases that act in a coordinated manner to release condensin from chromatin entrapment. The Cdc48 segregase is the central linchpin of this regulatory mechanism and promotes ubiquitin-dependent cycling of condensin on mitotic chromatin as well as effective chromosome condensation. Collectively, our results show that condensin inhibition by its own reaction product is relieved by forceful enzyme extraction from chromatin.

New thermal insulation fiberboards were manufactured by compression molding from a cake generated during the sunflower biorefinery. Fiberboards were cohesive mixtures of a natural binder and lignocellulosic fibers from sunflower cake. The natural binder ensured the board cohesion, and fibers acted as reinforcing fillers. The influence of molding conditions, i.e. binder type and binder content, on board density, mechanical and heat insulation properties was examined. The medium-density board containing 20% starch-based binder was a good compromise between mechanical and heat insulation properties (78 mW/m K thermal conductivity). It could be positioned on walls and ceilings for thermal insulation of buildings.

-Biorefinery of sunflower whole plant was performed successfully using a thermo-mechano-chemical twinscrew reactor. This led to the aqueous extraction of oil and other biopolymers like proteins, pectins and non pectic sugars. It resulted in the overall fractionation of biomass, thus allowing a complete valorization of the input. This biorefinery process was not only efficient but it was also environment-friendly. In addition, it contributed to the production of different end products for various industrial applications. Firstly, the hydrophilic phase will be recycled to the process. Secondly, the densest oil-in-water emulsion is a promising candidate for the formulation of cosmetic creams. Thirdly, the upper hydrophobic phase will be usable for the waterproofing treatment of the surface of agromaterials by coating. Its demixing will also lead to the production of proteins with tensioactive properties. These will serve for the food industry. Lastly, the cake was a mixture of plasticized proteins and lignocellulosic fibers. It was thus considered as a natural composite. Its molding into cohesive fiberboards was conducted successfully using both thermopressing and compression molding processes. The self-bonded boards with high density will be suitable for use as load bearing boards in dry conditions (floor underlayers, interior partitions, furniture, etc.). Positioned in walls and ceilings, boards with medium and low density will contribute to the heat insulation of buildings. In addition, the bulk cake will be also usable as a loose fill insulation material. As proposed, this flow chart thus allows a valorization for all fractions originating from the twin-screw reactor.Keywords: Biorefinery / twin-screw extruder / sunflower whole plant / thermo-mechano-chemical fractionation / aqueous extraction Résumé -Le réacteur thermo-mécano-chimique bi-vis, une nouvelle perspective pour le bioraffinage de la plante entière de tournesol : extraction aqueuse de l'huile et d'autres biopolymères, et production de panneaux de fibres biodégradables à partir du tourteau. Le bioraffinage du tournesol plante entière a été réalisé avec succès en utilisant un réacteur thermo-mécano-chimique bi-vis. Cela a permis l'extraction aqueuse de l'huile et d'autres biopolymères tels que des protéines, des pectines et des sucres non pectiques. Un fractionnement total de la biomasse a été obtenu, permettant ainsi une valorisation complète de la matière entrante. À la fois efficace et respectueuse de l'environnement, cette bioraffinerie a généré plusieurs produits finaux pour diverses applications industrielles. Tout d'abord, la phase hydrophile pourra être recyclée en tête de procédé. Puis, l'émulsion huile/eau la plus dense pourra être utilisée pour la formulation de crèmes cosmétiques. Pour sa part, la phase hydrophobe supérieure sera utilisable pour le traitement de surface des agromatériaux par enduction afin de les rendre moins sensibles à l'eau. Sa démixtion facilitera également l'obtention de protéines tensioactives, utilisables da...