We performed a meta-analysis of over 30 case-control studies of association between schizophrenia and a bi-allelic, Bal I polymorphism in exon 1 of the dopamine D3 receptor gene. We observed a significant excess of both forms of homozygote in patients (P = 0.0009, odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.07-1.35) in the combined sample of 5351 individuals. No significant heterogeneity was detected between samples and the effects did not appear to be the product of publishing bias. In addition we undertook an independent, familybased association study of this polymorphism in 57 parent/proband trios, taken from unrelated European multiplex families segregating schizophrenia. A transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) showed a significant excess of homozygotes in schizophrenic patients (P = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.35-5.86). Although no significant allelic association was observed, a significant association was detected with the 1-1 genotype alone (P = 0.02, OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.13-4.99). In addition when the results of the family-based association study were included in the meta-analysis, the homozygosity effect increased in significance (P = 0.0002, OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.09-1.38). The results of the meta-analysis and family-based association study provide independent support for a relationship between schizophrenia and homozygosity at the Bal I polymorphism of the D3 receptor gene, or between a locus in linkage disequilibrium with it.

Background Mobile Therapeutic Attention for Patients with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (m-RESIST) is an EU Horizon 2020-funded project aimed at designing and validating an innovative therapeutic program for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The program exploits information from mobile phones and wearable sensors for behavioral tracking to support intervention administration. Objective To systematically review original studies on sensor-based mHealth apps aimed at uncovering associations between sensor data and symptoms of psychiatric disorders in order to support the m-RESIST approach to assess effectiveness of behavioral monitoring in therapy. Methods A systematic review of the English-language literature, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed through Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. Studies published between September 1, 2009, and September 30, 2018, were selected. Boolean search operators with an iterative combination of search terms were applied. Results Studies reporting quantitative information on data collected from mobile use and/or wearable sensors, and where that information was associated with clinical outcomes, were included. A total of 35 studies were identified; most of them investigated bipolar disorders, depression, depression symptoms, stress, and symptoms of stress, while only a few studies addressed persons with schizophrenia. The data from sensors were associated with symptoms of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depression. Conclusions Although the data from sensors demonstrated an association with the symptoms of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depression, their usability in clinical settings to support therapeutic intervention is not yet fully assessed and needs to be scrutinized more thoroughly.

Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston informaatioteknologian tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Agora-rakennuksen auditoriossa 3 joulukuun 12. päivänä 2014 kello 13.Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Agora, auditorium 3, on December 12, 2014 at 13 o'clock. In this thesis, the solutions for efficiently offering two types of typical services (voice based RT services and data based NRT services) were investigated for evolution of a future network system. For the voice service characterized by the low latency and the small packet size, VoIP over E-DCH associated with DPCCH gating and/or packet bundling in uplink has been investigated and proven in a compelling performance. Moreover, HS-SCCH-less operation in the downlink and the enhanced packet scheduler have been studied to further improve the user end-to-end experience. The tradeoff between reduction of CQI reports and the reliability of the link adaption has also been evaluated for consideration in performance optimization. UNIVERSITYFor the data service, a hybrid network has been integrated using deviceto-device (D2D) communication into a LTE cellular network is envisioned and investigated as one potential solution. The various RRM schemes for mode selection, power control and resource allocation are studied, which are further complemented by a time hopping mechanism and the enhanced scheduler algorithm. Additionally, asymmetric D2D operation and semi-autonomous D2D were presented as different ways for D2D implementation. D2D based cluster operation was also studied for the potential of offering multicast services. The feedback mechanism for a multicast operation was discussed for assisting the cooperative D2D operation.In short, the VoIP based voice solutions and D2D based data solutions can be considered for future network evolution based on the studies in this thesis.

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BackgroundAn association between vitamin B12 levels and depressive symptoms (DS) has been reported in several epidemiological studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate vitamin B12 levels in population-based samples with melancholic or non-melancholic DS as the relationship between vitamin B12 levels and different subtypes of DS has not been evaluated in previous studies.MethodsSubjects without previously known type 2 diabetes, aged 45–74 years were randomly selected from the National Population Register as a part of the Finnish diabetes prevention programme (FIN-D2D). The study population (N = 2806, participation rate 62%) consisted of 1328 men and 1478 women. The health examinations were carried out between October and December 2007 according to the WHO MONICA protocol. The assessment of DS was based on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, cut-off ≥10 points). A DSM-IV- criteria based summary score of melancholic items in the BDI was used in dividing the participants with DS (N = 429) into melancholic (N = 138) and non-melancholic DS (N = 291) subgroups. In the statistical analysis we used chi-squared test, t-test, permutation test, analysis of covariance, multivariate logistic regression analysis and multinomial regression model.ResultsThe mean vitamin B12 level was 331±176 pmol/L in those without DS while the subjects with non-melancholic DS had a mean vitamin B12 level of 324 ± 135 pmol/L, and those with melancholic DS had the lowest mean vitamin B12 level of 292±112 pmol/L (p < 0.001 after adjusted for age, sex, use of antidepressive medication and chronic diseases sum index). The adjusted difference of vitamin B12 levels between the non-melancholic and the melancholic group was 33 pmol/L (95%CI 8 to 57, p = 0.008). Melancholic DS and vitamin B12 levels showed an independent linearly inverse association. The relative risk ratio (RRR) for melancholic DS was 2.75 (95%CI 1.66 to 4.56) in the lowest vitamin B12 level tertile versus the highest (p for linearity <0.001) when those without DS formed the reference group. The RRR in the non-melancholic subgroup was nonsignificant.ConclusionsThe vitamin B12 level was associated with melancholic DS but not with non-melancholic DS.