Word associations or verbal synesthesia between concepts of color and emotions were studied in Gersnany, Mexico, Poland, Russia, and the United States. With emotion words as the between-subjects variable, 661 undergraduates indicated on 6-point scales to what extent anger, envy, fear, and jealousy reminded them of 12 terms of color. In all nations, the colors of anger were black and red, fear was black, and jealousy was red. Cross-cultural differences were (a) Poles connected anger, envy, and jealousy also with purple; (b) Germans associated envy and jealousy with yellow; and (c) Americans associated envy with black, green, and red, but for the Russians it was black, purple, and yellow. The findings suggest that cross-modal associations originate in universal human experiences and in culture-specific variables, such as language, mythology, and literature.
Zusammenfassung. Basierend auf der Trait Meta-Mood Scale ( Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey & Palfai, 1995 ) wurde in 3 Studien für 3 Aspekte der wahrgenommenen emotionalen Intelligenz (die Aufmerksamkeit auf sowie die Klarheit und Beeinflussbarkeit von Emotionen) ein deutschsprachiger Fragebogen konstruiert und validiert. Zwei faktorenanalytische Studien mit 341 Universitätsstudierenden führten zu 3 entsprechenden Skalen hoher interner Konsistenzen (von .81 bis .88) mit hoher konvergenter und diskriminanter Validität in Bezug auf verwandte Fragebögen. Die 3. Studie mit 95 Versuchsteilnehmern und 28 Photographien von 7 fazialen Emotionen (Freude, Angst, Ekel, Überraschung, Wut, Trauer und Verachtung) bestätigte die Hypothese, dass Personen, die Emotionen starke Aufmerksamkeit schenken, den Emotionsausdruck bei anderen genauer wahrnehmen als Personen, die Emotionen wenig Aufmerksamkeit schenken. Abschließend werden Fähigkeits- und Mischmodell-Konzepte der emotionalen Intelligenz diskutiert und das Verhältnis von wahrgenommenen zu tatsächlichen Komponenten der Intelligenz problematisiert.
To determine cross-cultural variations in associative meaning, 389 males and females in Germany, Russia, and the United States rated nouns for their degree of association with the concepts of jealousy, envy, anger, and fear. The findings touched on several issues. Re garding the conceptual distinction between jealousy and envy, the associations overlapped strongly in the United States, somewhat in Germany, and not at all in Russia. In agreement with scholars who posit that jealousy is a combination of anger and fear, we found that jealousy overlapped with anger in three nations and with fear in two nations. But the overlap was far less than that between anger and fear. Evidence for the proposal that anger and fear are more firmly rooted in the biological heritage of human beings than are jealousy and envy was inconclusive. Predictions drawn from tax onomy and prototype models that anger, envy, and jealousy would have similar associations but that each emotion would differ from fear were not supported.
An ongoing debate is centered on the question of whether emotions have their own pattern of autonomic nervous system activation. To determine whether individuals do perceive subjective physiological changes for different emotions, 514 university students in Germany, Mexico, Poland, Russia, and the United States indicated on a 6-point scale to what extent they felt anger, envy, fear, and jealousy in particular parts of the body and body processes. In agreement with recent studies, the pattern of sites where emotions were re ported to be felt varied for different emotions. Cross-cultural commonalities and differences were also found. The findings were
Complex problem solving can be predicted to a fair degree by test intelligence. But if emotions are informative, emotional intelligence scores might increase this prediction even more. Therefore, we assessed problem solving behavior, performance, and mood in a quasi-experimental design with 63 students who varied in emotional clarity and solved problems low or high in complexity. Processing capacity served as a covariate. Results revealed that high clarity participants show more conducive problem-solving behavior with high complex problems and generally reach better performance than low clarity participants. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that emotional clarity predicts performance independent of and to the same degree as processing capacity. Finally, the ability- and mixed-model conceptions of emotional intelligence are discussed and the relationship between subjective and objective components of intelligence is questioned.
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