While nanoemulsions (10-200 nm) are not thermodynamically stable systems they can exhibit quite long term stability. In this paper oil/surfactant mixtures, containing diethylhexyl carbonate/ phenoxyethanol/parabens as oil and polyglyceryl-4 laurate/dilauryl citrate as surfactant, form nanoemulsions simply by dilution with water, i.e. by means of the phase inversion concentration (PIC) method. In order to study this highly interesting phenomenon an investigation at constant oil-tosurfactant (O/S) ratio was done by means of viscosity, conductivity, and UV/Vis-transmittance measurements. This phase study as a function of the dilution by water shows that at an intermediate water content a two-phase system of bicontinuous structure is formed, which exhibits a very pronounced viscosity and conductivity maximum shortly before the homogeneous nanoemulsion phase is reached. In the same region SANS shows a high degree of ordering of this bicontinuous structure. SANS and cryo-TEM investigations of the nanoemulsion regime show an increasing average size with dilution and, more interestingly, the presence of two populations with different average particle sizes around 10-15 nm and 25-40 nm. The relative proportion of each population depends on the amount of added water, leading to an average growth of the particle size with increasing dilution.
The aim of this retrospective study is to clarify the medical and statistical evaluation of the effects of antiepileptic medication when given during pregnancy. (1) There was no statistically significant higher incidence of malformations in 199 children of treated mothers in comparison with 394 children of untreated mothers. However, the statistiscal hypothesis that there is no relationship could not be confirmed. We found a statistically significant relationship in cases of hare lip and cleft palate. But this relationship is open to question on medical grounds. Even if there were a relationship, the risk must be small, since probably hitherto unknown additional factors play a role. Therefore, anti-epileptic medication during pregnancy is not contraindicated. (2) Just because of the small incidence of anomalies in children, the number of investigated children of treated and untreated mothers has to be enlarged to almost 1,850 to assess if there is any risk at all. (3) Poor labour pains and poor drinking of the new-born may be due to sedative and spasmolytic side effects. These results have to be completed by a study in prospect. (4) It is worthwhile differentiating teratogenic and mutagenic effects, because anti-epileptic medication is generally started long before pregnancy begins. Evaluating teratological effects, the incidence and type of anomalies of the children of treated mothers, and of children of fathers treated for some time before conception have to be compared.
A case with peripheral neuropathy due to monoclonal gammopathy is reported. There was striking, dissociated symmetrical sensory loss and paresis, the legs being affected predominantly. The case is compared with the few reported cases of myelomatous neuropathy, and the clinical and histological findings are discussed in view of the pathogenesis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.