Fully epitaxial current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) devices with a Co 2 Fe 0:4 Mn 0:6 Si/Ag/Co 2 Fe 0:4 Mn 0:6 Si structure were fabricated. The bottom and top Co 2 Fe 0:4 Mn 0:6 Si layers had good crystallinity and an L2 1 -ordered structure. In addition, we found from scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurements that both Co 2 Fe 0:4 Mn 0:6 Si/Ag and Ag/Co 2 Fe 0:4 Mn 0:6 Si interfaces were very flat and sharp. The magnetoresistance (MR) ratio at room temperature was 74.8%, the largest to date for CPP-GMR devices. CPP-GMR devices with Co 2 Fe 0:4 Mn 0:6 Si electrodes would be very useful for the next generation of hard disk drive (HDD) read heads.
The intestine, which is exposed to nutrition and to food-derived antigens and microbes including viruses and bacteria, might be an important site for the immune response. Crucial structural and functional differences exist between the small and large intestine, regional differences even having been demonstrated within the small intestine. Accordingly, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) might be heterogeneous among the different intestinal regions. The aim of this study has been to describe, as accurately as possible, the numbers and T-cell receptor (TCR) phenotypes of IELs and LPLs present in distinct regions of the murine small intestine under physiological conditions. Using an immunohistological technique to differentiate IELs from LPLs, the differential enumeration of IELs and LPLs in distinct regions of the murine small intestine, based upon their definition originally determined by their location, has been performed for the first time and has demonstrated that (1) there are more IELs than LPLs in the duodenum and jejunum, but more LPLs than IELs in the ileum, (2) in the duodenum and jejunum, TCRgammadelta IELs account for 70%-75% of the total CD3(+) IELs, a much greater percentage than previously reported, (3) the ratio of TCRgammadelta to TCRalphabeta IELs is inverted in the ileum, with more than 75% IELs being TCRalphabeta-positive, (4) the lamina propria forms one functional unit throughout the small intestine in terms of the TCR subset components (TCRalphabeta:TCRgammadelta=3:1), and (5) the ileum is entirely different from other regions of the small intestine. To deepen our understanding of the functional significance of the small intestine as an immunologically competent organ, the precise distributions of IELs and LPLs, the ratio of their various subsets, and the strict distinction of IELs and LPLs, as described in this study, is indispensable.
In this paper, we address the affine template matching of general images. The extensive search space of affine transformations necessitates effective searches of the global optimum. The proposed method utilizes differential evolution (DE), which is a method of metaheuristic optimization, to achieve that goal. Self-adaptive DEs can be useful and are applicable in a wide range of studies as they tune crossover rate and scaling factor (F) themselves over generation iteration. However, this approach is not particularly good for affine template matching because the population often converges to local optima. In order to solve this problem, the population is divided into two equal groups for exploitation and exploration. The former group utilizes current-to-best/1, and the latter group adopts improved current-to-rand/1 for the mutation scheme. Furthermore, the proportion of the population sizes of the two groups are linearly changed on the basis of the best sum of absolute difference error measurements over each generation. These ideas are easy and simple, but experimental results have revealed our method to be more accurate than the state-of-the-art method.
We describe a flexible capacitance-type sensor that can detect an approaching human without contact, fabricated by developing and applying duplex conductive-ink printing to a film substrate. The results of our calculations show that the difference in size between the top and bottom electrodes of the sensor allows for the spatial extension of the electric field distribution over the electrodes. Hence, such a component functions as a proximity sensor. This thin and light device with a large form factor can be arranged at various places, including curved surfaces and the back of objects such that it is unnoticeable. In our experiment, we attached it to the back of a bed, and found that our device successfully detected the breathing of a subject on the bed without contacting his body. This should contribute to reducing the physical and psychological discomfort among patients during medical checks, or when their condition is being monitored.
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