This review summarizes state-of-the-art microneedle-based detection and sensing systems, highlighting the objective significance, sensing principles, systematic construction, and validation models of these microneedles.
Biopanning, a common affinity selection approach in phage display, has evolved numerous ligands for diagnosis, imaging, delivery, and therapy applications. However, traditional biopanning has suffered from time-consuming processes, highly-repetitive procedures...
Engineered bacteria can be leveraged for in situ tumor vaccinations with their tumor-targeting ability and adjuvanticity. Engineering strategies like chemical modification, nanotechnology, and genetic engineering improve their safety and efficacy.
Efficient molecular selection is a prerequisite for generating molecular tools used in diagnosis, pathology, vaccinology, and therapeutics. Selection efficiency is thermodynamically highly dependent on the dissociation equilibrium that can be reached in a single round. Extreme shifting of equilibrium towards dissociation favors the retention of high-affinity ligands over those with lower affinity, thus improving the selection efficiency. We propose to synergize dual effects by deterministic lateral-displacement microfluidics, including the collision-based force effect and the two-dimensional (2D) separation-based concentration effect, to greatly shift the equilibrium. Compared with previous approaches, this system can remove more low- or moderate-affinity ligands and maintain most high-affinity ligands, thereby improving affinity discrimination in selection. This strategy is demonstrated on phage display in both experiment and simulation, and two peptides against tumor markers ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) and CD71 were obtained with high affinity and specificity within a single round of selection, which offers a promising direction for discovery of robust binding ligands for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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