Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with well‐defined porous structures and tailored functionalities have been widely used in chemical sensing. However, the integration of MOFs with flexible electronic devices for wearable sensing is challenging because of their low electrical conductivity and fragile mechanical properties. Herein, a wearable sweat sensor for metabolite detection is presented by integrating an electrically conductive Ni‐MOF with a flexible nanocellulose substrate. The MOF‐based layered film sensor with inherent conductivity, highly porous structure, and active catalytic properties enables the selective and accurate detection of vitamin C and uric acid. More importantly, the lightweight sensor can conformably self‐adhere to sweaty skin and exhibits high water‐vapor permeability. Furthermore, a wireless epidermal nutrition tracking system for the in situ monitoring of the dynamics of sweat vitamin C is demonstrated, the results of which are comparable to those tested by high‐performance liquid chromatography. This study opens a new avenue for integrating MOFs as the active layer in wearable electronic devices and holds promise for the future development of high‐performance electronics with enhanced sensing, energy production, and catalytic capabilities through the implementation of multifunctional MOFs.
Three-dimensional (3D) architectures have qualitatively expanded the functions of materials and flexible electronics. However, current fabrication techniques for devices constrain their substrates to 2D geometries and current post-shape transformation strategies are limited to heterogenous or responsive materials and are not amenable to free-standing inert plastic films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide (PI), which are vital substrates for flexible electronics. Here, we realize the shape morphing of homogeneous plastic films for various free-standing 3D frameworks from their 2D precursors by introducing a general strategy based on programming the plastic strain in films under peeling. By modulating the peeling parameters, previously inaccessible free-standing 3D geometries ranging from millimeter to micrometer were predicted theoretically and obtained experimentally. This strategy is applicable to most materials capable of plastic deformation, including polymers, metals, and composite materials, and can even enable 4D transformation with responsive plastic films. Enhanced performance of 3D circuits and piezoelectric systems demonstrates the enormous potential of peeling-induced shape morphing for 3D devices.
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