This study has developed an improved subjective approach of classification in conjunction withStepwise DFA analysis to discriminate Chinese sturgeon signals from other targets. The results showed that all together 25 Chinese sturgeon echo-signals were detected in the spawning ground of Gezhouba Dam during the last 3 years, and the identification accuracy reached 90.9%. In Stepwise DFA, 24 out of 67 variables were applied in discrimination and identification. PCA combined with DFA was then used to ensure the significance of the 24 variables and detailed the identification pattern. The results indicated that we can discriminate Chinese sturgeon from other fish species and noise using certain descriptors such as the behaviour variables, echo characteristics and acoustic cross-section characteristics. However, identification of Chinese sturgeon from sediments is more difficult and needs a total of 24 variables. This is due to the limited knowledge about the acoustic-scattering properties of the substrate regions. Based on identified Chinese sturgeon individuals, 18 individuals were distributed in the region between the site of Gezhouba Dam and Miaozui reach, with a surface area of about 3.4 km 2 .Seven individuals were distributed in the region between Miaozui and Yanshouba reach, with a surface area of about 13 km 2 .
We developed a kind of macropore-
and micropore-dominated carbon
(HPAC) derived from poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyvinylpyrrolidone for
electric double-layer capacitive (EDLC) applications, e.g., supercapacitors
and capacitive deionization (CDI). By comparing the EDLC performance
of HPAC with those of ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) and commercial
activated carbon (AC), we evaluated the pore size effects. Cyclic
voltammetry (CV) was employed for static and flowing CDI processes
to identify the disparities between supercapacitors and CDI. HPAC
exhibits a specific capacitance of 309 F g–1 at
a specific current of 0.5 A g–1 (6 M KOH) in a three-electrode
half-cell and has a salt removal capacity of 16.3 mg g–1 (1.2 V, 500 mg L–1 NaCl), which is better than
those of AC and OMC. Cycling tests of HPAC in supercapacitors and
CDI show excellent stability. The properties of HPAC, fine, hydrophilic,
macroporous, and microporous, endow HPAC with the promising possibility
of use in supercapacitors and capacitive deionization. The disparities
of supercapacitors and CDI include ionic species and concentrations
and solution hydromechanics. CV analysis of static and flowing CDI
equipped with HPAC electrodes suggests that increasing the salt concentration
in CDI is beneficial for the carbon electrode to show high capacitance
and to reduce the pumping energy during the CDI process.
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