Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as functional materials for various potential applications. However, the availability of three-dimensional (3D) COFs is still limited, and nearly all of them exhibit neutral porous skeletons. Here we report a general strategy to design porous positively charged 3D ionic COFs by incorporation of cationic monomers in the framework. The obtained 3D COFs are built of 3-fold interpenetrated diamond net and show impressive surface area and CO uptakes. The ion-exchange ability of 3D ionic COFs has been highlighted by reversible removal of nuclear waste model ions and excellent size-selective capture for anionic pollutants. This research thereby provides a new perspective to explore 3D COFs as a versatile type of ion-exchange materials.

Monitoring systems are expected to play a major role in active distribution grids, and the design of the measurement infrastructure is a critical element for an effective operation. The use of any available and newly installed, though heterogeneous, metering device providing more accurate and real-time measurement data offers a new paradigm for the distribution grid monitoring system. In this paper the authors study the meter placement problem for the measurement infrastructure of an active distribution network, where heterogeneous measurements provided by PhasorMeasurement Units (PMUs) and other advanced measurement systems such as Smart Metering systems are used in addition to measurements that are typical of distribution networks, in particular substation measurements and a-priori knowledge. This work aims at defining a design approach for finding the optimal measurement infrastructure for an active distribution grid. The design problem is posed in terms of a stochastic optimization with the goal of bounding the overall uncertainty of the state estimation using heterogeneous measurements while minimizing the investment cost. The proposedmethod is also designed for computational efficiency so to cover a wide set of scenarios

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Photo-immunotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach against malignant tumors with minimal invasiveness. Herein, a targeting multifunctional black phosphorus (BP) nanoparticle, modified by PEGylated hyaluronic acid (HA), was designed for photothermal/photodynamic/photo-immunotherapy. In vitro and in vivo assays indicated that HA-BP nanoparticles possess excellent biocompatibility, stability, and sufficient therapeutic efficacy in the combined therapy of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer therapy. Moreover, the results of in vitro showed that HA-BP down-regulated the expression of CD206 (M2 macrophage marker) by 42.3% and up-regulated the ratio of CD86（M1 macrophage marker）by 59.6%, indicating that HA-BP nanoparticles have functions in remodeling tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) phenotype (from pro-tumor M2 TAMs to anti-tumor M1 macrophages). Fluorescence (FL) and photoacoustic (PA) multimodal imaging confirmed the selective accumulation of HA-BP in tumor site via both CD44 + mediated active targeting and passive EPR effect. In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that the combined therapy of PDT, PTT and immunotherapy using HA-BP could not only significantly inhibit original tumor but also induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and release Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which could induce maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and activate effector cells that robustly evoke the antitumor immune responses for cancer treatment. This study expands the biomedical application of BP nanoparticles and displays the potential of modified BP as a multifunctional therapeutic platform for the future cancer therapy.

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