Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is being used in research and clinical settings in cancer genomics. Studies show that cancer patients generally have positive attitudes toward tumor profiling tests; however, few works revealed their attitudes toward WGS. This study clarifies the expectations, concerns, and result preferences of cancer patients (CPs), family members (FMs) and general adults (GAs) regarding WGS study in Japan. We conducted an anonymous survey with 1204 CPs, 5968 FMs, and 2915 GAs in 2021. Despite low awareness of the WGS studies, CPs had the highest expectations for it. FMs had a higher level of concern than CPs and GAs; feeling anxious by knowing the results, being treated unfavorably if germline findings were detected. Both the FMs and CPs were highly concerned about the protection of genetic information. CPs preferred results with actionability, however, only half preferred to know germline findings. Given the possibility of detecting variants across multidisciplinary diseases and the long-term continuity of WGS research, a system is needed in which study participants can consult and receive decision-making support at any time according to their needs.

This paper reviews some interesting findings on political socialization in contemporary Japan, a field characterized by a fair amount of research but a paucity of empirical studies related to specific theories or propositions. The aspects of political socialization selected for discussion are the formation and development of party support, ideology, and attachment to the political system. Surveys of political socialization carried out in the United States since the late 1950s have given fairly conclusive and consistent evidence on the formation and development process of political attitudes among American children and adolescents. By contrast, comparable knowledge of Japan is very limited. There is a paucity of empirical studies from which to draw an inventory of theories or propositions on Japanese political socialization. Reviewing the available literature on France before the publication of Roig and Billon-Grand's La socialisation politique des enfants ( 1968), Greenstein and Tarrow (1969: 95) stated that, &dquo;there is virtually no systematic evidence on the political socialization of children and young people in that puzzling system,&dquo; a fair description of the present state of studies of Japanese political socialization. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to draw at least some interesting findings from the meager literature on political orientation. Formation and Development of Party SupportThe &dquo;party identification model,&dquo; developed and elaborated by the Michigan school of election studies, attempts to explain voting behavior by psychological identification with a given party (Campbell et al., 1960). It has been assumed that party identification is a central and stable attitude which structures other political attitudes. Could it be, however, that party identification is specific to American political culture? Controversy over this question followed the flowering of cross-cultural studies of partisanship and voting behavior (Budge et al., 1976). In Europe, where the &dquo;social cleavage model&dquo; has been traditionally dominant in the studies of elections and voting behavior, identification with a political party is often replaced by identification with a social group, whose interests parties represent both economically and psychologically. In these social contexts &dquo;voters might feel no need to form a party identification separate from their social-group identity and current

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1. 緒 言 溶接時の高温割れ発生防止には，割れ発生時の温度やひ ずみなど普遍な物理量を用いた設計段階からの予測が重要 となる．高温割れ感受性評価では，これまでにバレストレ イン試験 1,2) や，C 形ジグ拘束突合せ割れ試験 3) ，Houldcroft 試験 4-6) ，Fissure bend 試験 7,8) などが提案，規格化され，評価 試験に用いられてきた．中でもバレストレイン試験は，こ れまでに最も広く用いられてきた高温割れ感受性評価試験 である． 本試験は，溶接(一般的には TIG メルトラン溶接が用い られる)中の試験片表面に強制的に曲げひずみを加えるこ とで高温割れを発生する外部負荷式の試験方法である．ひ ずみ負荷の方向に応じて，溶接方向と平行に曲げるロンジ 式，垂直に曲げるトランス式，熱源を移動せずに曲げるス ポット式の各試験が実施され，両曲げ式と片曲げ式の試験 機が使用されている．ロンジ式やスポット式は溶接熱影響 部の液化割れや延性低下割れ，トランス式は溶接金属部の 凝固割れ(延性低下割れに利用される場合もある)の評価 にそれぞれ適用されている．試験によって発生した割れの 数や長さを測定し，割れ数や総割れ長さ，最大割れ長さが 評価指標として用いられる．加えて，溶融池の冷却速度を 用いた凝固脆性温度領域( Brittle Temperature Range，以下 BTR で示す)や t /(2R + t)( t：板厚，R：ベンディングブロッ クの曲率半径)で求められる負荷ひずみを用いた割れ発生 限界ひずみの導出もしばしば実施されている．文献調査を 行ったところ，高温割れ感受性評価の約 90 % においてバレ ストレイン試験が採用され，その内訳はロンジ式が 17 %， トランス式が 27 %，スポット式が 28 %，残りの 28 % は方式 が不明であった． バレストレイン試験は，1965 年に W. F. Savega らによってVarestraint test is one of the most-used methods to evaluate weld solidification cracking susceptibility. However, standard about the detailed test method and the evaluation method has not been clearly defined. Thus, it is required to standardize the methods of Varestraint test and the evaluation indexes in order to compare the results tested by each researcher.In this study, round-robin test of transverse-Varestraint test with GTAW was carried out under identical specimens and test conditions using five test machines to clarify the influence of test machine and human factor on the test result. Crack number and crack length were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope. 6 evaluators measured the crack number and the length.The maximum crack lengths measured by the evaluators were nearly the same. In contrast, there were big differences in the crack numbers and the total crack lengths. Thus, the influence of the human factor on the maximum crack length was relatively low and that on the crack number and the total crack length was high. This should be caused by different judgment depending on the evaluators for the crack opening and the propagated crack tip. Using SEM was an adequate measuring method for the crack length since the measurement using an optical microscope tended to cause false judgment of wrinkle as cracks. Maximum crack length must be appropriate evaluation index for solidification cracking susceptibility compared to the total crack length and the crack number.

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