Sex pheromone components of the Japanese rice leaffolder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were identified from ovipositor extracts of virgin females as (Z)‐11‐octadecenal, (Z)‐13‐octadecenal, (Z)‐11‐octadecen‐1‐ol and (Z)‐13‐octadecen‐1‐ol at a ratio of 11:100:24:36 by GC‐EAD, GC, GC‐MS. The total amount was estimated to be ca.0.9 ng/female. Field bioassays in Kagoshima, Japan, showed that the two aldehydes are essential for male attraction and the alcohols may have a synergistic effect on the aldehydes. A rubber septum containing 0.9 mg of the four components at the natural ratio was shown to be an effective lure for monitoring this pest in Japan. The above four components are quite different from the sex pheromone components reported previously for the same species of either Philippine or Indian origin; components were shown to be (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)‐13‐octadecenyl acetate at a ratio of 98:2 in the Philippine blend and 1:10 in the Indian blend. Furthermore, in the field tests in Japan, neither the Philippine blend nor the Indian blend showed any attractive activity, while the Japanese blend attracted significant numbers of male moths. These results suggest that there are remarkable geographical variations in the sex pheromone composition of this species or there are several distinct species using different sex pheromone blends.

A dose of 2 ppm of temephos in emulsifiable formulation was applied to a mountain stream to observe its effects on the zoobenthos and the subsequent changes in benthic algae. Most zoobenthos in the treated region drifted but there were slight differences among taxa. Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera disappeared but some Trichoptera and Diptera survived. Chironomids recolonized earlier than other invertebrates and reached a higher density level than before the treatment. A bloom of benthic algae occurred following the destruction of fauna. The increase in the standing crop of algae was accompanied by an increase in the number of species. Among these, A chnanthes lanceolata, Meridion circulare and Tetrasporagelatinosa were predominant. The end of the bloom began with the recovery of the zoobenthos population.

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German air raids during the Second World War damaged many British cities. Plymouth is one of the few cities in Britain that has persisted in its aim of comprehensively rebuilding the gutted city centre. It is also one of the few cities whose city centre plans gained approval during the 1940s from the Ministry responsible for town planning. Plymouth's plan was elaborated by Patrick Abercrombie, an eminent planner of the day, and Paton Watson, the city's engineer. Most other blitzed cities were not able to obtain a ministerial approval, and some ultimately abandoned their initial plans. This article considers the relationship between the government and Plymouth, especially from the viewpoint of the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, established during the war. In examining the Plymouth case through the prism of the new Ministry and comparing it with the circumstances of other blitzed cities, this article shows that the attitudes of the Ministry officials in their relationships with blitzed cities were at fault, and that they were consequently unable to intervene in a sufficiently effective and timely way.