The numbers of SSR markers and their utilization have not been determined and investigated as extensively in Fagopyrum species as compared to other crop species. The current report presents 136 new SSR markers in Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. esculentum and their application to related species in the genus Fagopyrum. Of the 136 SSRs, 10 polymorphic SSR markers were utilized in a genetic diversity analysis of a common buckwheat population consisting of 41 accessions of diverse origin. The study showed observed (H(O)) and expected (H(E)) heterozygosities ranging from 0.071 to 0.924 (mean = 0.53) and from 0.073 to 0.902 (mean = 0.412), respectively. Forty-one of the 136 SSRs amplified sequences in other Fagopyrum species, including the cymosum and urophyllum groups. The phylogenetic relationships revealed using the SSRs was consistent with results obtained using other marker systems, with one exception. The sequence and diversity information obtained using these new SSRs and their cross-transferability to related Fagopyrum species will increase our understanding of genetic structures and species relationships within the Fagopyrum genus.
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Newly developed shoot tips from adventitious buds induced by tissue cultured bulb-scale segments of five accessions of Lilium spp. were successfully cryopreserved by a droplet-vitrification method. Bulb-scale segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.1 mg·L -1 IAA and 0.1 mg·L -1 zeatin were then cold-hardened at 4℃ for 7 days. The excised shoot tips were pre-cultured on solidified MS medium containing 0.3 M sucrose for 1 day at 23℃ and then soaked in a mixture of 0.7 M sucrose for a day at 23℃. Pre-cultured shoot tips were cryoprotected with two loading solutions, LD1 and LD2, which included 35% and 40% plant vitrification solution (PVS3), respectively, for 40~60 min at 23℃. The cryoprotected shoot tips were then soaked in PVS2, modified PVS2 and PVS3 for 90~120 min at 23℃. The shoot tips, frozen in microdroplets of vitrification solution, were wrapped with aluminum foil strips, which were immersed rapidly in liquid nitrogen. The shoot tips were then rapidly warmed using unloading solution, transferred to a regeneration medium, stored in the dark for two weeks at 23℃, and then cultured under white fluorescent light at an intensity of 2000 lux with a 16-h photoperiod at 23℃. The average post-cryo regeneration rates of five accessions ranged from 52.7% to 87.5%.
A eukaryotic microalga, Asterarcys quadricellulare KNUA020, was isolated from garden soil at Kyungpook National University in Daegu, South Korea and its biotechnological potential was assessed. Optimal growth was obtained when the culture was incubated at 25°C and around pH 7.0. The total lipid content of the isolate was 15.5% of dry weight and its most abundant fatty acid was nutritionally important C18:3 ω3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA). In addition, a high-value fatty alcohol, hexadecenol (C 20 H 40 O), was also identified in this photosynthetic microorganism. Hence, A. quadricellulare KNUA020 appears to be promising for use in the production of microalgae-based biochemicals.
PAL5, a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant defense gene that encodes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, is known to respond to a variety of environmental stresses including pathogen infection and wounding. A shiva-1 gene recombinant that encodes a small synthetic antibacterial peptide under the PAL5 gene promoter was transformed into potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and its ability to induce resistance to Erwinia carotovora was compared with a construct under the control of the constitutive and widely used cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The shiva-1 peptide, an analog of natural cecropin B, was shown previously to have high bactericidal activity in vitro, but when expressed in vivo under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, the effects were very inconsistent. As observed previously, in the present studies a few transformants with the CaMV 35S promoter were highly resistant when assayed for susceptibility to soft rot disease. In marked contrast the majority of transformants with the PAL5 gene promoter were highly resistant. More-detailed analyses of the incorporated DNA indicated that most of the transformants with the CaMV 35S promoter contained multiple copies of the transforming DNA while all of the PAL5 recombinants contained single copies. The highly resistant CaMV 35S recombinant also was present as a single copy. The results indicate that, at least in this instance, a constitutive promoter may not be ideal for the effective expression of a foreign gene and suggest that multiple insertions may have negative consequences.
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