Geographical proximity and innovation:`not yet dead' or`increasingly important'? Advances in telecommunications and information technologies allow information, at least in its codified forms, to flow without much friction from one place to another. At the same time, the transition to a`knowledge-based' economy has increased the incentives to exploit knowledge produced in other parts of the world (Archibugi and Lundvall, 2001;Lundvall and Johnson, 1994). These two changes, some believe, are causing knowledge-production activities increasingly to be dispersed across space.Researchers in geography and urban economics, however, have accumulated substantial evidence that geographical proximity between the people and the organizations that produce knowledge remains central to their ability to stay innovative. Case studies of innovative sectors such as biotechnology, semiconductor, aerospace, and media reveal that clustering is a common phenomenon (Aharonson et al, 2004;Bathelt and Graft, 2006;Saxenian, 1994;Scott, 1993). The Internet industry, which is believed to be creating a geography-free world, is itself clustered (Zook, 2000;. These studies show that certain kinds of knowledge flow are subject to constraints related to the cost or feasibility of covering distance (
This study approaches the politics of urban development from within the framework of the emergence of a new multiscalar growth regime and the path dependence of the Korean developmental state. Through a case study of the Songdo New City development in South Korea, this study looks at how the scalar division of labor among various actors has interacted with the emergence of a multiscalar growth regime. We focus on the logic by which different scales of governmental and nongovernmental actors cooperate and, at the same time, compete with one another for authority over economic development. Our findings demonstrate, first, that the new regime resulted from the emergence of downward state rescaling to the local scale and of private business as a key actor. Second, the regime actors have been involved in scalar tensions and have constantly negotiated the scalar divisions of labor among them. This research provides a contextualized example of a spatiotemporal logic in which statehood has been transformed into a network.
Trade facilitation is one of the five main agendas of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Social network analysis has helped understand the complexity of trade networks, but existing studies tend to overlook the fact that not all bilateral trade relations are equally important to a country. To fill this gap in the literature, this paper focuses on the top 2 trade relations networks to illuminate the structure and evolution of B&R trade relations, the relative positions of different countries, and changes in the composition of trade communities (e.g., the community leaders) and the changing patterns of trade between them. We find rich dynamics over time both inter-and intra-communities. The overall international trade networks of B&R countries experienced a leadership change from Russia to China on one hand, some temporary communities experienced emergence, disappearance (e.g. the Kuwait-and Thailand-led communities) or reemergence (e.g. Poland-led community), and a community membership was generally consistent on the other hand. Since the future impacts of China's BRI will depend on the degree of integration of the connected regions, some countries with stable and high centrality indices (e.g. Russia,
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.