The effect of the number and position of the positive charges on porphyrin with respect to the mode of binding to poly[d(G-C)2] and poly[d(A-T)2] were investigated by absorption and polarized spectroscopy, including circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD). Meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP), which possesses four positive charges on the periphery pyridinium rings, produces a negative CD and wavelength-independent reduced LD (LDr) spectra in the Soret absorption region when it associates with poly[d(G-C)2]. These spectral characteristics have been considered as diagnostic for intercalation. In contrast, both trans- and cis-bis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)diphenylporphyrin (trans- and cis-BMPyP), where the number of positive charges was reduced to two, multisignate CD and strong wavelength-dependence of the LDr spectra were observed, indicating that these porphyrins do not intercalate. Therefore, four positive charges are required for TMPyP intercalation. When associated with poly[d(A-T)2], trans-BMPyP exhibited a positive CD signal at a low [porphyrin]/[nucleobase] ratio with the appearance of a bisignate CD upon increase of the mixing ratio, suggestive of binding at the groove of the double helix at low mixing ratios, and stacking at increasing mixing ratios. Conversely, no monomeric binding was evident in the bis-BMPyP bisignate CD spectrum; hence, only the stacking mode was found for cis-BMPyP, even at the lowest [porphyrin]/[nucleobase] ratio, suggesting the importance of the position of the positive charges in determining monomeric groove binding or stacking. The binding geometries of trans- and cis-BMPyP were similar when associated with poly[d(A-T)2], as determined from the similar LDr spectrum. When associated with DNA, TMPyP exhibited similar spectral properties with that of the TMPyP-poly[d(G-C)2] complex, indicating intercalation of TMPyP between the DNA base pairs. Conversely, CD and LDr characteristics of both trans- and cis-BMPyP-DNA complexes resembled those that complexed with poly[d(A-T)2] at a high [porphyrin]/[DNA] ratio, suggesting that both porphyrins were stacked along the DNA stem.
Objectives This study is to explore the formation process of family leisure culture of elementary school teacher ski mania and to find out what it suggests to physical activity-oriented leisure activities. Methods To this end, a cultural and technical study was conducted on a family who skied in the 2021-2022 season. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and related data, and data were analyzed through domain analysis and taxonomic analysis. Results The process of forming a family leisure culture in elementary school teachers' ski mania was shown in five stages: motivation, preparation, beginning, development, and settlement. The motivation stage was the will of the parents, the growth of the children, and the influence of COVID-19. The preparation stage was the selection of season tickets considering economic efficiency, selection of season rooms(houses) considering safety, and purchase of equipment reflecting the opinions of children. The beginning stage was indicated by spending the weekends at a ski resort, limited environment and practice time, and an environment more attractive than skiing. The development stage appeared as skiing skills developed along with turns, praise and assistance from people around them, and practice of voluntary skiing activities. The settlement stage appeared to form a challenging spirit through trying new slopes seal, strengthen family cohesion, and design the next season. Conclusions This study is meaningful in that it raises family cohesion and will to love family through the process of forming a family leisure culture in elementary school teachers ski mania, and presents a case in which nature experience-type leisure activities can be practiced in an era of pandemic such as COVID-19. Furthermore, these leisure activities will provide teachers with an opportunity to relieve stress from teaching life and recharge their bodies and minds.
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