Experimental results are presented from an SDN/NFV testbed with automated, dynamically provisioned, 125 km optical WAN. Live VM migration for NFV video serving is demonstrated, along with Layer 0-3 orchestration using Open Daylight, OpenFlow, and DOVE.
Aim:To evaluate the presence of metal ions and deoxyribonucleic acid damage on the cells of buccal mucosa in subjects scheduled to undergo fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods:Eighty patients scheduled to undergo orthodontic treatment were included in the present study. Samples were collected from buccal mucosa of the subjects at five different intervals: before the starting of the fixed appliance therapy, 5 months after the insertion of the appliance, 10 months after insertion of the appliance, 15 months after insertion of the appliance and 20 months after insertion of the appliance. Flow cytometry was further used for assessment of apoptosis. Comet assay was used for evaluating the metal ions associated deoxyribonucleic acid ((DNA) damage of buccal epithelial cells. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for measuring the nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) levels in the cells of the buccal mucosa. Analysis of data was done by SPSS software version 16.0.Results: A significant increase in the Ni, Cr and Zn concentration during orthodontic treatment was observed. A progressive non-significant decrease in the percentage of viable cells from a baseline value to the end of the treatment was observed. A significant increase in the head diameter, DNA in tail and tail length, starting from the pretreatment value to the end of orthodontic treatment, was also observed. Conclusion:Timely checking of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and nuclear changes should be done for detecting earlier adverse changes. Clinical significance:In patients wearing orthodontic appliances, no clinical impact occurs by wearing fixed appliances.
Aim: Present study was planned to assess the impact of various root canal irrigants on the adhesion of different Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) strains to the dentinal surface. Materials and methods:A total of 80 freshly extracted first and second molars were used in the present study. Preparation of dentin discs was done followed by a random division into four study groups and one control group. Four study groups included; 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) , 2 % chlorhexidine (CHX), 2.5 % NaOCl + saline + 2 percent CHX and 2.5 % NaOCl + 17 % ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) + 2.5 % NaOCl group respectively. In the control group (E), sterilized dentin discs were incubated with sterile TSB solution. Division of all the groups into two subgroups were done depending upon the type of strain of E. faecalis used. Incubation of all the specimens was done followed by assessment with XTT assay and measurement of Optical density (OD). All the results were compiled and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.Results: Among the groups containing gelatinase producing strains; maximum score was exhibited by 2.5 percent sodium hypochlorite solution followed by 2.5 % NaOCl + 17 % Ethylene Diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) + 2.5 % NaOCl group (group D). On comparing the OD values among various study groups incubated with Gelatinase producing strain, significant results were obtained. Gelatinase-producing E. faecalis showed a significantly higher amount of adherence to dentin, in comparison to the gelatinase-deficient E. faecalis strains. Conclusion:Lesser quantity of bacteria is recovered from specimens in whom CHX was added to the irrigation protocol.Clinical significance: Production of gelatinase by E. faecalis might lead to an increase in adhesiveness of E. faecalis to the dentin.
Aim: Evaluation of the effect of glucosamine-chondroitin combination, tramadol, and sodium hyaluronic acid in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and its impact on the expression of various cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 60 patients (males-30, females-30) suffering from internal derangement such as disc displacement with reduction of TMJ. The patients were divided into three groups of 20 each. Group I received a combination of 1.5g of glucosamine and 1.2 g of chondroitin sulfate per day and group II received 50 mg tramadol HCL peroral. Group III received sodium hyaluronate 10 mg/mL, 2 mL injection syringe on each joint. Pain (VAS) scale and maximum mouth opening (MMO) was measured. The level of IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 levels were measured using Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There was an improvement in maximum mouth opening in all three groups (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in pain in all groups. IL-1 ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 leve ls showed reduction while IL-6 showed an increase in value in group II and III. Conclusion: The efficacy of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate , tramadol and hyaluronic acid in TMJ disorders has been found to be effective. Clinical significance: IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 levels indicate the risk of TMJ disorders. Thus earlier assessment of their levels helps in diagnosis, and better management may be done.
Background: A global review on oral health by the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasized that despite great improvements in the oral health of populations in several countries, global problems still persist. Dental caries and periodontal disease have historically been considered the most important global oral health burdens. This is particularly so among underprivileged groups in both developing and developed countries. The application of natural products for the control of oral diseases is considered as an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials due to their lower negative impact, and for the effort to overcome primary or secondary resistance to the drug during therapy. Objective: To review the current evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of plant extracts on dental caries and plaque microorganisms. Materials and Methods: A literature search was made for 6 months in PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, LILACS/BBO, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, SCIENCE DIRECT, and Google scholar databases. The results from the relevant published literatures are discussed. Summary and Conclusion: The extracts of Azadirachta Indica, Ocimum sanctum, Murraya koenigii L., Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Rosa indica, and Aloe barbadensis The current evidence is on individual plant extracts against bacteria involved in either caries or periodontitis. The research assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of a combination of these plant extracts against dental caries and periodontal pathogens is the need of the hour, and such research will aid in the development of a novel, innovative method that can simultaneously inhibit two of the most common dental diseases of mankind, besides slowing the development of drug resistance.
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