Secure Border Gateway Protocol (S-BGP) mandates that upon reception of a BGP UPDATE message, an S-BGP speaker must verify nested signatures of all nodes in the traversed path; and the router should verify the Address Attestation to check if the source has the right to announce the address prefix. Due to several digital signatures required in each UPDATE, there is a high CPU overhead associated with S-BGP. In this paper, we propose a new approach that reduces the burden of validating the AS-path and the address prefix origination. We define a control layer of trusted nodes that is comprised of major Autonomous Systems (ASes) in the network. In this environment, an AS has to verify only the signatures of intermediate ASes between itself and the last trusted node in the AS-path. Similarly, the address prefix is validated only if it was not previously validated by a trusted AS.Using an original analytical model as well as a simulation model, we measured performance metrics of the new proposal. We show that even with small ratio of trusted nodes, the new scheme can significantly reduce the number of verifications required to validate the ASpath and IP prefixes and the number of public keys required by S-BGP.
BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has immensely affected the world’s population at physical and psychosocial levels. Dentists are no different from other healthcare providers, as they are equally if not more exposed to the threat of getting infected. OBJECTIVE: To assess the experience and behavior of public and private sector dentists practicing during the COVID-19 pandemic and their knowledge about it. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted online by sharing google forms through email, WhatsApp, and Facebook. The survey included questions on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of dentists practicing during COVID-19. The data was interpreted by SPSS 24 using a chi-square test, and a value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A considerable number of general dentists (26.9%) and specialists (39.4%) adopted partial suspension of clinics. Restriction’s ease allowed 50.2% of the clinicians to resume their duties. 67.9% of the patients were medicated online during the lockdown phase. There was no significant difference regarding years of experience and willingness to treat/care (p-value 0.648). Personal protective equipment (PPE) was readily available for use in public or private practices, and the respondents agreed with its efficacy in protecting the operators. Compliance with PPE wear was 50% in all the respondents. CONCLUSION: The psychosocial repercussion of the pandemic continues to affect dental practices. Our attitude needs to improve as far as PPE is concerned, with regular training workshops and continuous updates of the developing Knowledge on COVID-19.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the de-facto routing protocol in the Internet. Unfortunately, it is not a secure protocol, and as a result, several attacks have been successfully mounted against the Internet infrastructure. Among the security requirements of BGP is the ability to validate the actual source and path of the BGP update message. This is needed to help reduce the threat of prefix hijacking and IP spoofing based attacks. BGP route associates an address prefix with a set of autonomous systems (AS) that identify the inter-domain path that the prefix has traversed in the form of BGP announcements. This set is represented as the AS_PATH attribute in BGP and starts with the AS that originated the prefix. Credible BGP (CBGP) proposes several extensions to BGP protocol to validate source and path of BGP update message and to use the resulting validation score to influence the route selection algorithm.CBGP assigns credibility scores for AS prefix origination and AS_PATH. These credibility scores are used in the extended selection algorithm to prefer valid BGP routes. The new protocol can detect BGP attacks such as AS Path Injection and AS Prefix high jacking.
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