Accurate global observations from space are critical for global climate change study. However, atmospheric temperature trend derived from spaceborne microwave instruments remains a subject of debate, due mainly to the uncertainty in characterizing the long-term drift of instrument calibration. Thus, a highly stable target with a well-known microwave radiation is required to evaluate the long-term calibration stability. This paper develops a new model to simulate the lunar emission at microwave frequencies, and the model is then used for monitoring the stability of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) onboard Suomi NPP satellite. It is shown that the ATMS cold space view of lunar radiation agrees well with the model simulation during the past five years and this instrument is capable of serving the reference instrument for atmospheric temperature trending studies, and connecting the previous generation of microwave sounders from NOAA-15 to the future Joint Polar Satellite System Microwave Sounder onboard NOAA-20 satellite.
Surface plasmon (SP) amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (spaser) of the active nanoshell with three-layer silica-gold-silica structure is proposed. The properties of the spaser are numerically analyzed based on Mie theory. The results show that the nanoshell-based spaser is one order of magnitude higher than the nanosphere-based and nanoegg-based spasers in the surface plasmon amplification, but the gain threshold kthre of the silica is nearly one order of magnitude lower. In addition, the behavior of the nanoshell-based spaser depends on structural parameters that are explained by the quenching effect, plasmon hybridization theory, and dynamic photon-plasmon coupling mechanism. By optimizing the structure parameters of the layered nanoshell, an extremely high spaser enhancement over a wider operating range of wavelength tunings was obtained, both aspects having important significance in practical applications.
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