Microreactor technology has gained significant popularity in the chemical and process industry in the past decade. The development of microreactors either as innovative production units for chemical synthesis or as promising laboratory tools for reaction and kinetic studies relies highly on the capability of performing online analyses, which opens great opportunities for the integration of spectroscopic detection techniques. This paper gives an overview of the state-of-the-art in the combination of microreactors with spectroscopic analyses for online reaction monitoring and catalyst characterization. In this upcoming field, many studies have been carried out combining fluorescence, ultraviolet−visible, infrared, Raman, X-ray, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Current research progress is reviewed, with emphasis on the existing integration schemes and selected application examples that demonstrate the potential of online spectroscopic detection for rapid microreactor process analysis and optimization. An outlook on the future development in this area is also presented.
3D printing is seen as a game‐changing manufacturing process in many domains, including general medicine and dentistry, but the integration of more complex functions into 3D‐printed materials remains lacking. Here, it is expanded on the repertoire of 3D‐printable materials to include antimicrobial polymer resins, which are essential for development of medical devices due to the high incidence of biomaterial‐associated infections. Monomers containing antimicrobial, positively charged quaternary ammonium groups with an appended alkyl chain are either directly copolymerized with conventional diurethanedimethacrylate/glycerol dimethacrylate (UDMA/GDMA) resin components by photocuring or prepolymerized as a linear chain for incorporation into a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network by light‐induced polymerization. For both strategies, dental 3D‐printed objects fabricated by a stereolithography process kill bacteria on contact when positively charged quaternary ammonium groups are incorporated into the photocurable UDMA/GDMA resins. Leaching of quaternary ammonium monomers copolymerized with UDMA/GDMA resins is limited and without biological consequences within 4–6 d, while biological consequences could be confined to 1 d when prepolymerized quaternary ammonium group containing chains are incorporated in a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network. Routine clinical handling and mechanical properties of the pristine polymer matrix are maintained upon incorporation of quaternary ammonium groups, qualifying the antimicrobially functionalized, 3D‐printable composite resins for clinical use.
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