Precision metrology and quantum measurement often demand that matter be prepared in well-defined quantum states for both internal and external degrees of freedom. Laser-cooled neutral atoms localized in a deeply confining optical potential satisfy this requirement. With an appropriate choice of wavelength and polarization for the optical trap, two electronic states of an atom can experience the same trapping potential, permitting coherent control of electronic transitions independent of the atomic center-of-mass motion. Here, we review a number of recent experiments that use this approach to investigate precision quantum metrology for optical atomic clocks and coherent control of optical interactions of single atoms and photons within the context of cavity quantum electrodynamics. We also provide a brief survey of promising prospects for future work.

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An interval neutrosophic set is an instance of a neutrosophic set, which can be used in real scientific and engineering applications. In the paper, the Hamming and Euclidean distances between interval neutrosophic sets (INSs) are defined and the similarity measures between INSs are proposed based on the relationship between similarity measures and distances. In the applications of the similarity measures, a multicriteria decision-making method is established in interval neutrosophic setting, in which criterion values with respect to alternatives are evaluated by the form of interval neutrosophic values (INVs) and the criterion weights are known information. We utilize the similarity measures between each alternative and the ideal alternative to rank the alternatives and to determine the best one. Finally, an illustrative example demonstrates the applications of the proposed decision-making method.

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The improved cosine measures of SNSs based on cosine function can overcome some drawbacks of existing cosine similarity measures of SNSs in vector space, and then their diagnosis method is very suitable for handling the medical diagnosis problems with simplified neutrosophic information and demonstrates the effectiveness and rationality of medical diagnoses.

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Despite recent progresses in tumor therapy and increased knowledge in tumor biology, tumor remains a common and lethal disease worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells with a stem cell-like ability, which may drive tumor growth and recurrence and are resistant to many current anticancer treatments. Solid tumors are regarded as "organs" which are comprised of cancer cells and the tumor stroma. The tumor microenvironment makes up the stroma of the tumor, which occupies the majority of the tumor mass, including the extracellular matrix (ECM), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells, immune cells, and, what is more, networks of cytokines and growth factors. The microenvironment or niche surrounding CSCs largely governs their cellular fate. Recent work has revealed that the microenvironment supports CSC self-renewal and simultaneously serves as a physical barrier to drug delivery. The tumor microenvironment plays pivotal roles in each stage of tumor development. Knowledge about the interactions of CSCs with their microenvironment would seem to be of most importance for developing new treatment strategies.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers globally and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths due to therapy resistance and metastasis. Understanding the mechanism underlying colorectal carcinogenesis is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. microRNAs (miRNAs) can act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in many cancers. A tumor suppressor role for miR-27b has recently been reported in neuroblastoma, while no information about miR-27b in CRC is available. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-27b expression is decreased in most CRC tissues and determined that overexpression of miR-27b represses CRC cell proliferation, colony formation and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. We identified vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) as a novel target gene of miR-27b and determined that miR-27b functioned as an inhibitor of tumor progression and angiogenesis through targeting VEGFC in CRC. We further determined that DNA hypermethylation of miR-27b CpG islands decreases miR-27b expression. In summary, an anti-tumor role for miR-27b and its novel target VEGFC in vivo could lead to tumor necrosis and provide a rationale for developing miR-27b as a therapeutic agent.