Automated white matter hyperintensity (WMH) segmentation on magnetic resonance imaging is greatly advantageous for various clinical studies using large-sample data. Accurate localization of WMH can provide more beneficial information for clinical studies, as differences of regional WMH existence may be linked to clinical symptoms. We suggest a fully automated method for WMH quantification and localization without human interaction using T1-weighted and fluidattenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) images. The known sources of false-positive results in the subarachnoid space and brain-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interface were removed by applying a WMH candidateregion mask. WMH segmentation was performed based on the Markov random field model. The intensity-substitution method was developed for the accurate localization of WMH, with proper tissue classification and nonlinear registration. The performance of the method was evaluated via comparison with manual delineation; the similarity index and the overlap ratio were 89.94 and 81.90, respectively. V

High‐energy, wide‐angle x‐ray scattering (WAXS, x‐ray diffraction) and small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) were used to study intact human second metacarpal bones (mc2) from two UK archeological sites. A novel method correcting for irregular mass distribution was applied in these transmission geometry experiments done at beamline 1‐ID of the Advanced Photon Source. The authors asked whether there were age‐at‐death‐related changes in carbonated apatite (cAp) lattice parameters and whether SAXS could detect collagen D‐period peaks in the archeological mc2. For each of the two sites, Ancaster and Wharram Percy in England, six female mc2s were studied; for each site, two were from each of three age‐at‐death cohorts (young, 18–29 years; middle, 30–49 years; old ≥50 years) along with a modern control mc2. The Rietveld method was applied to the WAXS patterns to provide precise lattice parameter values. The cAp lattice parameters did not correlate with age‐at‐death estimated from dental wear. From WAXS and the 00.2 diffraction peak widths, four archeological mc2s possessed coherently scattering domain lengths (crystallite c‐axis sizes) that matched that of the modern mc2; SAXS revealed the same four archeological mc2 had D‐period peak intensities equivalent to that of the modern mc2. The other eight archeological mc2s had significantly larger crystallite sizes (than the modern mc2) and weak or absent D‐period peaks, differences attributed to diagenetic changes. Based on these data, the authors suggest that WAXS 00.2 peak width and SAXS D‐period peak intensity can be used with intact bones to select those likely to retain largely unaltered tissue nanostructure, which might be required for other analyses. Taken as a whole, the results suggest detecting age‐related deterioration in nanostructural features may be difficult in bone showing significant bioerosion.

Recent studies suggest that the role of the cerebellum extends into cognitive regulation and that subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD) can result in cerebellar atrophy. However, there has been no evaluation of the cerebellar volume in the preclinical stage of SVaD. We aimed to compare cerebellar volume among patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI) and evaluate which factors could have contributed to the cerebellar volume. Participants were composed of 355 patients with aMCI, svMCI, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and SVaD. Cerebellar volumes were measured using automated methods. A direct comparison of the cerebellar volume in SVaD and AD groups showed that the SVaD group had a statistically smaller cerebellar volume than the AD group. Additionally, the svMCI group had a smaller cerebellar volume than the aMCI group, with the number of lacunes (especially in the supratentorial regions) being associated with cerebellar volume. Cerebellar volumes were associated with some neuropsychological tests, digit span backward and ideomotor apraxia. These findings suggest that cerebellar atrophy may be useful in differentiating subtypes of dementia and the cerebellum plays a potential role in cognition.

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