This paper presents 77-GHz CMOS radar transmitter and receiver chips equipped with monopole feeders for use in frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar systems. The on-chip monopole feeder can feed not only the aperture of waveguides but also the slots on planar circuits by simply attaching the chips to a printed circuit board using a low-cost non-conductive epoxy. With the aid of a high ratio multiplier and the proposed on-chip feeder, a radar system can easily be integrated without needing to use precise and expensive millimeter-wave packaging technologies. In order to experimentally confirm this, the chips integrated with waveguides are first measured and a full radar system integrated on the planar circuit is evaluated using the microstrip patch antennas. Finally, with the benefit of compact integration technology, the design of a five-channel 3-D environmental sensing radar for small-unmanned aerial vehicles is presented. INDEX TERMS Radar, CMOS, frequency multiplier, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) packaging, on-chip feeder.
This work, for the first time to our best knowledge, presents a W-band multi-channel frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system on low-cost FR-4 substrates. A center-fed patch array antenna on an FR-4 substrate can achieve a maximum gain of 10.8 dBi. It is enabled by aperture coupled feeding using an on-chip feeder implemented on a CMOS radar transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). The proposed radar system consists of one Tx and four Rx channels placed in the back cavity of a microstrip array antenna like an active array antenna system. Additionally, Tx and Rx chipsets include a wideband frequency multiplier with high multiplication ratio of 63, making it easy to distribute reference FMCW waveform synthesized at a very low frequency about 1.25 GHz for 79 GHz output using direct digital synthesis (DDS). Extending the number of channels and implementing various waveforms can be easily accomplished with very good phase noise. The functionality of the proposed radar system on low-cost substrates is confirmed by distance and angle measurements.
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