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We studied the effect of light availability on the growth of an angiospermatic root hemiparasite, Rhinanlhus minor. When attached to its host, height growth increased in response to shading, demonstrating that R. minor was able to detect alterations in light quality and/or quantity. However, this reduced illumination did rot affect its biomass, number of haustoria, or the amount of 15N transferred from the hosts, compared with its performance under non-shaded conditions. Therefore, R. minor is unlikely to have difficulty in extracting host resources under shading. This result may have been mediated by a lowered R. minor transpiration rate in response to fluctuations in external conditions, including shading and water stress, compared with non-parasitic plants. Therefore, we suggest that, as long as the extent of resources diverted from host to parasite is not significantly altered by shading, growth of the attached R. minor will be unaffected by reduced light availability per se.

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The effects of elevated CO2 (650 ppm) on interactions between a chlorophyllous parasitic angiosperm, Rhinanthus minor (L.) and a host, Poa pratensis (L.) were investigated. R. minor benefited from elevated CO2, with both photosynthesis and biomass increasing, and transpiration and tissue N concentration remaining unaffected. However, this did not alleviate the negative effect of the parasite on the host; R. minor reduced host photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf area and biomass, irrespective of CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 resulted in increased host photosynthesis, but there was no concomitant increase in biomass and foliar N decreased. It appears that the parasite may reduce host growth more by competition for nitrogen than for carbon. Contrary to expectation, R. minor did not reduce the productivity of the host-parasite association, and it actually contributed to the stimulation of productivity of the association by elevated CO2.

Abstract. Red macroalgae have the potential to be processed into bioethanol due to their high carbohydrate and low lignin content. Gelidium latifolium and Gracilaria verrucosa are red macroalgae commonly found in Indonesian seas. Sometimes an over-supply of red macroalgae is rejected by the food industry, which opens up opportunities for others uses, e.g. for producing bioethanol. The objectives of this research were to analyze the influence of sulfuric acid concentration on hydrolysis of G. latifolium and G. verrucosa and to calculate the optimum fermentation process to produce bioethanol. G. latifolium and G. verrucosa were hydrolyzed using H 2 SO 4 at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, at a temperature of 121 °C and a pressure of 1.5 bar for 45 minutes. The process of fermentation was done using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in anaerobic conditions for 4, 5, 6 and 7 days. The results show that the optimum H 2 SO 4 concentrations to hydrolyze G. latifolium and G. verrucosa were 1% and 2% respectively. The number of S. cerevisiae cells in hydrolysate G. latifolium and G. verrucosa increased in the third adaptation. S. cerevisiae can convert sugar from G. latifolium and G. verrucosa into bioethanol through fermentation. The highest bioethanol yields were achieved on days five and six. Therefore, red macroalgae can be seen as a potential raw material for bioethanol production.

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The growth responses of a grass, Poa pratensis, to elevated CO2 and nitrogen were investigated. Light-saturated photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area increased with exposure to elevated CO2, while dry weight did not respond to increased CO2. Patterns of biomass allocation within plants, including leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and root to shoot ratios, were not altered by elevated CO2, but changed considerably with N treatment. Shoot and wholeplant tissue N concentrations were significantly diluted by elevated CO2 (Tukey test, P < 0.05). Total N content did not differ significantly among CO2 treatments. The absence of a concomitant increase in N uptake under elevated CO2 may have caused a dilution in plant tissue [N], probably negating the positive effects of increased photosynthesis on biomass accumulation.

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