A Leishmania donovani-complex specific DNA probe was used to confirm the widespread dissemination of amastigotes in apparently normal skin of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. When Lutzomyia longipalpis were fed on abnormal skin of five naturally infected dogs 57 of 163 (35%) flies became infected: four of 65 flies (6%) became infected when fed on apparently normal skin. The bite of a single sandfly that had fed seven days previously on a naturally infected dog transmitted the infection to a young dog from a non-endemic area. Within 22 days a lesion had developed at the site of the infective bite (inner ear): 98 days after infection organisms had not disseminated throughout the skin, bone marrow, spleen or liver and the animal was still serologically negative by indirect immunofluorescence and dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When fed Lu. longipalpis were captured from a kennel with a sick dog known to be infected, 33 out of 49 (67%) of flies contained promastigotes. In contrast only two infections were detected among more than 200 sandflies captured in houses. These observations confirm the ease of transmissibility of L. chagasi from dog to sandfly to dog in Teresina. It is likely that canine VL is the major source of human VL by the transmission route dog-sandfly-human. The Lmet2 DNA probe was a useful epidemiological tool for detecting L. chagasi in sandflies.
Lutzomyia (N.) whitmani was infected on leishmaniotic lesions of three out of nine dogs infected with Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. The infectivity rates in these sandflies were 8.3% (1/12), 7.1% (1/14) and 1.8% (3/160), respectively. In addition, 180 Lu. whitmani fed on non-ulcerated regions of one of the infected dogs and none became infected. We emphasize the vector potentiality of Lu. whitmani for L.b. braziliensis in the endemic region of Três Braços, Bahia, Brazil.
Three groups of three, six, and 12 dogs with parasitologically proven clinical visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania chagasi infection) were treated with intramuscular aminosidine sulfate at doses of 20 mg/kg/day for 15 days; 80 mg/kg/day for 20 days, and 40 mg/kg/day for 30 days, respectively. Follow-up was by parasitologic examination of bone marrow and skin, serology using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and clinical examination for signs of visceral leishmaniasis or adverse effects of treatment. In animals treated with 20 mg/kg/day, for 15 days, there was dramatic clinical improvement with disappearance of conjunctivitis, increase in appetite, weight gain, and recovery of normal skin condition and a healthy coat, but parasitologic relapse occurred between 50 and 100 days after initiation of treatment. Adverse effects were seen with treatment with 80 mg/kg/day for 20 days; three dogs died during or just after treatment, two showed temporary recovery, and one showed total clinical and parasitologic cure that was maintained for four years. Although adverse effects and relapses were seen in some dogs treated with 40 mg/kg/day for 30 days, three of 12 dogs showed complete parasitologic and clinical cure that was sustained for at least four years. Aminosidine treatment cannot be recommended as an alternative to the humane destruction of dogs for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis because ineffective treatment may prolong carrier status or encourage development of drug resistance. This drug may be a therapeutic option if there is no danger of a dog acting as a reservoir of infection. Achievement of clinical recovery and limited cure with aminosidine suggests that further trials would be of value, possibly in combination with other anti-leishmanial drugs and with supportive measures to reduce adverse effects.
Um inquérito em cães realizado na região de TrêsA presença de cães portadores de extensas lesões cutâneas em uma área endêmica de leishma niose tegumentar (Três Braços, Bahia) levou:nos à realização deste trabalho, visando a determinação da prevalência de infecção nesse animal e a identificação do maior número possível de amostras isoladas de lesões. M A T E R IA L E M É T O D O SInicialmente foi realizado um inquérito em cães, preliminar, casa/casa na vila de Três Braços e fazendas adjacentes. E ssa região, endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar, está localizada nos municípios de Cravolàndia, U baíra e W enceslau Guim arães no Estado da Bahia e situada entre 12° 4 0 'latitude Sul e 39° 45' longitude Oeste. Foram examinados 98 cães, dos quais era retirado um fragmento da ponta da orelha ou da borda da lesão, quando existente, para confecção de esfregaços. A m ostras de sangue foram coletadas em papel de filtro para a realização de reação de fixação de complemento (R F C ') para calazar. 59
In Corte de Pedra, Valença, state of Bahia, a donkey, Equus asinus, was found naturally infected with Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. The parasite was isolated from a lesion located on a castration scar, and identified by means of monoclonal antibodies.
Control of dog rabies (rabies virus), canine visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.), and cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis) are addressed.
Three iso la tes o/L eishm ania were recoveredfrom fiv e o f2 7 specim ens o fth e rodent Proechim ys iheringi denigratus M oojen ca p tu red n ear Três B ra ço s in the A tla n tic F orest region o f B ahia, B ra zil. Two o fth e se isolates were recovered fro m ham sters inoculated with a p o o le d tritu rate o f liver, spleen a n d skin tissu e fro m ap p a ren tly healthy P. i. denigratus. The th ird iso la te w as recovered fro m a tritu rate o f o n ly skin tissue fro m another. M e ta sta sis w as observed in the in ocu lated ham sters, the p a ra site s grew abu n dan tly in a rtificia l m edia a n d a typ ica l su p ra p yla ria l p a ttern o f infection in Lutzom yia longipalpis was p ro d u c e d in dicatin g th a t the p a ra site s belong to the Leishmania mexicana complex. A li isolates reacted with Leishmania mexicana mexicana a n d In an attempt to find the primary reservoirs of these parasites, more than 6 0 0 wild animais, principally rodents, marsupiais, rabbits and edentates, have been exam ined (unpublished data). This paper describes three isolates which were recovered from rodents.1 .T h is study w as funded by th e C o n selh o N acio n al de D esen v o lvim en to C ien tífico e T ecnológico (C N P q ) 4 0 3 6 9 0 /8 2 , U S P u b lic H e a lth S ervice A I-1 6 2 8 2 , U .S . T ro p ical e N u triç ã o , U n iv ersid ad e de B rasília, D F . 7 0 9 1 0 Brazil. 3. U n id ad e d e E stu d o s E sp eciais, In stitu to E v a n d ro C h a gas, F u n d a ç ã o S E S P , B elém , P a rá 6 6 0 0 0 B razil.R ecebido p a ra p u b licação em 1 7 /1 2 /1 9 8 4 . M A T E R IA L S A N D M E T H O D SThe rodents were live trapped in the tall forest habitat o f the cacao growing region o f Três Braços, in the municipalities o f U baira and W enceslau Guima rães, Bahia, Brazil. This area is located 150 km southwest of Salvador, latitude 13° 3 2 ' south and longitude 39° 4 5 ' west. The animais were anesthetized with chloroform and necropsied. Ali mammals necropsied were preserved either as skin and skull specimens or in formalin for future positive identification. Portions o f skin tissue from the nose and base o f tail, as well as liver and spleen, were removed for imprint smears and later triturated with saline solution and inoculated into the foot pads o f hamsters. In some cases the skin and viscera were both inoculated into one hamster, in other cases the skin was inoculated into one hamster and the viscera into another. W hen the appearance o f a cutaneous lesion indicated an inoculated hamster was harboring an infection, samples were taken for imprint smears, inoculations in new hamsters and isolation attempts in D ifco blood agar culture m edia13.Specim ens o f L u tzo m y ia lo n g ip a lp is, from the colony maintained in our laboratory, were fed on the lesions and dissected following oviposition (4 or 5 days after feeding) to observe the development pattern o f the parasites in the digestive tu b e11.A battery o f seven monoclonal antibodies, species and subspecies specific for the L. m exicana...
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