This study aims to determine the biological of Sitophilus oryzae and S. zeamais which includes development stadia, life cycle, long life, fecundity, mortality and sex ratio. Research using descriptive and substitutional methods. The research conducted in the laboratory of Entomology and Plant Pests and Pest Department of Pest and Disease Faculty of Agriculture Sam Ratul;angi University Manado. The results showed differences in the life cycle, long life and fecundity between S. oryzae and S. zeamais. Long life cycle and life imago S. oryzae shorter than S. zeamais. The life cycle of S. oryzae is 35.22 days and S. zeamais 49.13 days. Life long female imago S. oryzae 101 days and 88.75 days males, S. zeamais females and males 109.25 125.75 day day. Fecundity of S. oryzae lower than S. zeamais namely S. oryzae average 152.8 points and S. zeamais average of 203.0 points. Pradewasa mortality and sex ratio of S. oryzae and S. zeamais unchanged at S. oryzae 80.5% and 0.79, S. zeamais 77.0% and 0.77. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui biologi S. oryzae dan S. zeamais yang meliputi stadia perkembangan, siklus hidup, lama hidup, fekunditas, mortalitas dan rasio kelamin. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dan substitusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan siklus hidup, lama hidup dan fekunditas antara S. oryzae dan S. zeamais. Siklus hidup dan lama hidup imago S. oryzae lebih pendek dari S. zeamais. Siklus hidup S. oryzae yaitu 35,22 hari dan S. zeamais 49,13 hari. Lama Hidup imago betina S. oryzae 101 hari dan jantan 88,75 hari, S. zeamais betina 125,75 hari dan jantan 109,25 hari. Fekunditas S. oryzae lebih rendah dari S. zeamais yaitu S. oryzae rata-rata 152,8 butir dan S. zeamais rata-rata 203,0 butir. Mortalitas pradewasa dan rasio kelamin S. oryzae dan S. zeamais relatif sama yaitu S. oryzae 80,5 % dan 0,79, S. zeamais 77,0 % dan 0,77.
Bolaang Mongondow District is one of the centers of pineapple production in Indonesia that reside in province North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research was aimed to know diversity and abundance of insect in pineapple plantation, detect species evenness of insect in to type agroecosystem of pineapple with polyculture and monoculture systems. This research was carried out at pineapple plantation on Lobong village, Bolaang Mongondow District. Insect diversity was observation in pineapple plants will be done by using pith fall traps. The trapping was put in two land research locations that have different system that’s polyculture and monoculture agroecosystem. The sample from trapping was putted into the sample bottle was sorted and identified. The analysis was done to detect diversity of insect with measures index of diversity Shannon and index of evenness Shannon-Wiener. The result showed that biodiversity of insect on pineapple plant that applies cultivation polyculture system more various from in cultivation monoculture system. Total family of insect that found at polyculture land that were 17 families with totals 1614 individuals and monoculture 12 families with totals 1450 individuals. The Shannon and Evenness diversity index in plants with polyculture systems were 0.664 and 0.571 higher than in monoculture systems (0.571 and 0.206). All types of insects that were found both in pineapple plantations were polyculture and monocultures have almost the same level of evenness (E <1).The both of system agriculture for apply system polyculture also monoculture was found family Formicidae in the order Hymenoptera be insect dominate of the area pineapple plantations.
Red spider mite Tetranychus spp. are pest on several ornament and food plant. The objectives of this research were to study biology and demography Tetranychus spp. on soybean in condition laboratory. A piece of soybean leaf measures 3 cm2 at place above cotton in petridis. Above the leaf were put a pair red spider mite to watch the biology of mite. The research of demography of red spider mite was done observation in one hundred egg that used to come from age class same (cohort). The observation was done every day until the egg become to adult. The result showed that the mean of fecundity of red spider mite were 54.16 egg. The total life time of female 13.28 day and sex ratio 1:1.5. The intrinsic rate of increase the population were 0.253 individual per day, the discrete daily growth rate were, 1.28 individual/day, the net reproduction rate were 25.515 individual/female/generation. The generation time were 13.567 days. The stable population of Tetranychus spp. in laboratory were 67.2% egg, 24.6 nymph and 8.2% adult. The intrinsic birth and death rate were 0.3 and 0.05 individual/female/day. ABSTRAKTungau merah Tetranychus spp. merupakan hama yang banyak merusak tanaman pangan maupun tanaman hias dan sering menyebabkan kerusakan atau kematian pada tanaman inangnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui biologi dan demografi Tetranychus spp. pada kondisi di laboratorium dengan menggunakan daun kedelai sebagai pakan. Sepotong daun kedelai berukuran 3 cm 2 di tempatkan di atas kapas pada cawan petri. Selanjutnya di atas daun pada tiap petri diletakkan sepasang tungau merah untuk diamati biologinya. Untuk penelitian demografi tungau dilakukan pengamatan pada seratus butir telur tungau yang digunakan berasal dari kelas umur yang sama (cohort). Pengamatan terhadap seratus butir telur tersebut dilakukan setiap hari sampai seluruhnya menjadi imago. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rataan keperidian tungau adalah 54.16 butir telur, lama hidup imago betina 13.28 hari dan nisbah kelamin 1:1.5. Laju pertumbuhan intrinsik hama ini adalah 0.253 individu per induk per hari, laju pertumbuhan terbatas 1.288 individu per hari, laju reproduksi bersih 25.515 individu pe rinduk pergenerasi dan lama generasi adalah 13.567 hari. Puncak nilai reproduktif dimiliki oleh imago yang berumur dua hari. Sebaran umur stabil di laboratorium adalah 67.2% telur, 24.6% nimfa dan 8.2% imago. Laju kelahiran 0.30 individu per hari dan laju kematian 0.0501 individu per induk per hari.
Daerah Modoinding dan Tomohon di Sulawesi Utara, dikenal sebagai daerah penghasil sayuran kubis di Indonesia. Sayuran kubis memiliki hama utama yaitu Plutella xylostella. Penyebab serangga ini dapat bertahan hingga saat ini karena adanya sifat resistensi akibat pemberian insektisida yang berlebihan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis variasi pada gen cytochrome C oxidase IPlutella xylostella yang diperoleh dari dua lokasi yang berbeda, yaitu Modoinding dan Tomohon. Analisis sekuens menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pasang basa nukleotida dari sampel yang berbeda lokasi. Selain itu, variasi juga ditunjukkan pada sampel yang diperoleh dari basis data GenBank dengan adanya perbedaan 1-14 pasang basa nukleotida dengan spesimen pada penelitian ini. Hubungan kekerabatan gen COI P. xylostella keseluruhan sampel tergolong dalam variasi intraspesies dengan nilai jarak genetik berkisar antara 0-0,022 (0-2,20%).Modoinding and Tomohon areas in North Sulawesi, are known as regions in Indonesia that produce a cabbage. The main pest of cabbage, Plutella xylostella. This insect can survive due to its resistance resulted from prolonged insecticide application. This study aims to analyze genetic variation of COI genes in P. xylostella from Modoinding and Tomohon areas. Sequence analysis showed there were differences in nucleotide base pairs between these locations. In addition, variations were also shown in samples obtained from the GenBank database with differences in 1-14 nucleotide base pairs with specimens in this study. The genetic relationship of P. xylostella COI gene in all samples was classified as intraspecific variation with genetic distance values ranging from 0-0,022 (0-2,20%).D aerah Modoinding dan Tomohon di Sulawesi Utara, dikenal sebagaidaerah penghasil sayuran kubis di Indonesia. Sayuran kubis memilikihama utama yaitu Plutella xylostella. Penyebab serangga ini dapatbertahan hingga saat ini karena adanya sifat resistensi akibat pemberianinsektisida yang berlebihan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisisvariasi pada gen cytochrome C oxidase I Plutella xylostella yang diperolehdari dua lokasi yang berbeda, yaitu Modoinding dan Tomohon. Analisissekuens menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pasang basa nukleotida darisampel yang berbeda lokasi. Selain itu, variasi juga ditunjukkan padasampel yang diperoleh dari basis data GenBank dengan adanyaperbedaan 1-14 pasang basa nukleotida dengan spesimen padapenelitian ini. Hubungan kekerabatan gen COI P. xylostella keseluruhansampel tergolong dalam variasi intraspesies dengan nilai jarak genetikberkisar antara 0-0,022 (0-2,20%).
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