Abstract-The Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm is widely used in computer vision to match features between images or to localize and recognize objets. However, mostly because of speckle noise, it does not perform well on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. We present here an improvement of this algorithm for SAR images, named SAR-SIFT. A new gradient computation, yielding an orientation and a magnitude robust to speckle noise, is first introduced. It is then used to adapt several steps of the SIFT algorithm to SAR images. We study the improvement brought by this new algorithm, compared to existing approaches. We present an application of SAR-SIFT for the registration of SAR images in different configurations, especially with different incidence angles.

Orfeo ToolBox is an open-source project for state-of-the-art remote sensing, including a fast image viewer, applications callable from command-line, Python or QGIS, and a powerful C++ API. This article is an introduction to the Orfeo ToolBox's flagship features from the point of view of the two communities it brings together: remote sensing and software engineering.

ABSTRACT:The increasing availability of high resolution stereo images from Earth observation satellites has boosted the development of tools for producing 3D elevation models. The objective of these tools is to produce digital elevation models of very large areas with minimal human intervention. The development of these tools has been shaped by the constraints of the remote sensing acquisition, for example, using ad hoc stereo matching tools to deal with the pushbroom image geometry. However, this specialization has also created a gap with respect to the fields of computer vision and image processing, where these constraints are usually factored out. In this work we propose a fully automatic and modular stereo pipeline to produce digital elevation models from satellite images. The aim of this new pipeline, called Satellite Stereo Pipeline and abbreviated as s2p, is to use (and test) off-the-shelf computer vision tools while abstracting from the complexity associated to satellite imaging. To this aim, images are cut in small tiles for which we proved that the pushbroom geometry is very accurately approximated by the pinhole model. These tiles are then processed with standard stereo image rectification and stereo matching tools. The specifics of satellite imaging such as pointing accuracy refinement, estimation of the initial elevation from SRTM data, and geodetic coordinate systems are handled transparently by s2p. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach on a large database of satellite images and by providing an online demo of s2p.Figure 1: 3D point clouds automatically generated from Pléiades stereo datasets, without any manual intervention, with the s2p stereo pipeline. Its implementation can be tested online through a web browser.

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The 2009-2010 Data Fusion Contest organized by the Data Fusion Technical Committee of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society was focused on the detection of flooded areas using multi-temporal and multi-modal images. Both high spatial resolution optical and synthetic aperture radar data were provided. The goal was not only to identify the best algorithms (in terms of accuracy), but also to investigate the further improvement derived from decision fusion.This paper presents the four awarded algorithms and the conclusions of the contest, investigating both supervised and unsupervised methods and the use of multi-modal data for flood detection. Interestingly, a simple unsupervised change detection method provided similar accuracy as supervised approaches, and a digital elevation model-based predictive method yielded a comparable projected change detection map without using post-event data.

We describe an approach, based on Baldi's large deviation theorem, to carry out the statistical mechanics of a class of infinite dimensional dynamical systems.

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In modern and Phanerozoic times, heterozoan carbonates group a large array of depositional environments from the poles to the tropics. This global assessment reviews the critical parameters and controlling factors of heterozoan carbonates: (i) stratigraphic and global distributional trends, (ii) oceanographic and trophic relationships, and (iii) biological and sedimentary processes. Well-documented case studies (n = 129) have been investigated when facies and stratigraphic attributes were available, and when environmental settings, such as oceanography, climate and paleogeography were clearly identified. These case studies occur during specific periods of time in the sedimentary record, e.g. Late Ordovician, Early Carboniferous, Early Permian and Neogene, while they are absent during others, e.g. Triassic and Jurassic. Periods during greenhouse to icehouse transitions, and those with active thermohaline circulation, are particularly conducive for heterozoan carbonates. Based on global oceanographic patterns and existing ecological and hydrodynamic regime classifications (Hallock, 2001; Pedley and Carannante, 2006; James and Jones, 2015), a process-based classification scheme is proposed that distinguishes two main heterozoan carbonate systems: (i) a highly productive system characterized by suspension-feeding biota and (ii) an oligo-mesotrophic, warm-temperate system characterized by red algal and seagrass derived biota. Eight depositional models are proposed that combine (i) the source of energy for metabolic activities that allow the carbonate-producing biota to thrive and (ii) hydrodynamics and physiography of the depositional system that control the sediment accumulation. The local and platform scale based profiles can be used to complement the facies approach of James and Jones (2015).