BACKGROUND:The process of educating children with and without disabilities together has had many titles in the past, starting with mainstreaming, changing into integration and fi nally arriving at the current title of inclusion. While inclusion has become widespread, studies aiming to help us understand this phenomenon and variables that infl uence it have been limited mainly to the study of inclusion as a process and attitudes of teachers towards inclusive physical education. In order to study inclusion we also need to have questionnaires to measure the beliefs of children without disabilities.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to translate and modify the CAIPE-R instrument, to describe the structure of its components and to compare the structure of CAIPEʼs Czech version (CAIPE-CZ) to the original instrument. METHODS:The original questionnaire, CAIPE-R (Block, 1995), was modifi ed and translated using a standard back translation procedure. Data were collected from 140 girls (mean age 13.12 years, SD = 1.61) and 146 boys (mean age 13.26 years, SD = 1.48) and analyzed using SPSS-PC 19.0 software. RESULTS:The results of principal component factor analysis with Varimax rotation have proven the two component structure of the CAIPE-CZ questionnaire. The fi rst four items are loaded in one factor which was titled as "General beliefs about inclusion in physical education". In contrast with the original CAIPE-R questionnaire, the fi fth and sixth items are loaded to the second component together with 4 other items. This component was titled "Beliefs about actual behavior".CONCLUSION: CAIPE-CZ was translated using a standardized procedure and shows a high internal consistency and is also sensitive to detecting diff erences between groups of children with personal experiences with students with disabilities and those without such experiences. Thus CAIPE-CZ is ready to use for future studies about the attitudes of children towards inclusive physical education.

Efficiently maximizing sporting performances through structuring of training sessions has become a very important focus over the past twenty years. Very little study directly related to boccia exists for athletes with cerebral palsy (CP) and consequently information on performance measures is scarce. The aim of study was to measure the effect of blocked versus random training schedules on boccia skills performance. Fourteen experienced national-level athletes with CP (M = 23.6 years) participated in this study. Athletes were divided in two intervention groups and followed prescribed blocked (n = seven athletes) and random (n = seven athletes) training schedules for 10 weeks. Data collection included pre-and post-tests original testing procedures. Two paired-samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests and a Mann-Whitney U test only generated statistically significant evidence to support blocked training (z = 2.29, p = 0.02, CI .90 = 9.50, 22.50). Despite this, findings and individual cases of improvements plus athletes and coaches remarks indicated a practical significance towards blocked training schedules over random training schedules in terms of improving boccia skills performance. Greater gains across all three boccia skills measured and in total mean difference between pre-and post-test were shown in favor of athletes following blocked training schedules.

Quality of life (QOL) of persons with disabilities has recently become focus of studies in various academic disciplines There is 250-500 thousands new cases of spinal cord injury annually, with majority being caused by accidents. Spinal cord injury (SCI) makes significant impact on person's lives as only one third of persons with SCI are able to return to jobs they did prior to acquiring SCI and majority of them cannot return to the hobbies or sports. The purpose of this study was to show the effect of sport participation in wheelchair rugby on QOL of persons with spinal cord injury. Twenty male wheelchair rugby players-athletes with tetraplegia, who are engages in regular organized physical activity-wheelchair rugby training and competition (mean age = 32.50, SD = 8.46). Sixteen persons with tetraplegia (all males) who were not actively engaging in sports-not participating in an organized physical activity (mean age = 39.44, SD = 7.44). While results of wheelchair rugby players were higher in all four domains of QOL, the only significant difference was found in domain one focusing on perceived physical health.

Overall, total body water physiologically decreases with age, from 75% in new-borns to 56% and 47% in men and women older than 50, respectively (EFSA, 2010). In adults, it is reported that the deficit of 1-2% of body water decreases physical and mental performance by 20% (EFSA, 2010; Gopinathan, Pichan, & Sharma, 1988). Dehydration is especially common and dangerous for infants, young children and older adults. Children have a higher proportion of body water compared to adults; they are also less heat tolerant and more susceptible to dehydration (British Nutrition Foundation, 2016). Older people have, thanks to a combination of lower total body water content and decreased thirst sensitivity, increased risk of developing dehydration. Additionally, age-related poor renal function and the increased prevalence of kidney and urinary tract diseases are likely to increase dehydration risk (Hooper, Bunn, Jimoh, & Fairweather-Tait, 2014; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016). The risk of dehydration can also be enhanced with increased physical activity, especially in hot climates. Adequate intakes of water for the elderly,

Summary The objective of the study was to determine and compare the attitudes of high school students of the non-inclusive school towards inclusive physical education according to gender. This study deepened the knowledge about the students’ attitudes toward the inclusion of students with physical and intellectual disabilities. The research sample comprised a total of 181 able-bodied high school students (56 boys and 125 girls) attending one non-inclusive high school in Bratislava, Slovakia. Modified Czech version of the CAIPE (Children’s Attitude toward Inclusive Physical Education) questionnaire was used as a primary research method. Girls presented higher levels of positive attitudes towards inclusive physical education (IPE) in goal achievement, motivation, and motor skills learning. Boys showed a higher level of positive attitudes in the self-confidence of students with disabilities through IPE. In the goal achievement, girls expressed a significantly higher positive attitude towards IPE in students with intellectual disabilities inclusion (U = 2817, p = 0.029, r = 0.168). The highest level of a positive attitude toward IPE declared both genders by society inclusion and the lowest level of positive attitude by motor skills acquisition. Slovak students of a non-inclusive high school showed a positive attitude toward IPE for the inclusion of pupils with physical as well as intellectual disabilities.

SummaryThe objective of the study was to analyse subjective perception of the quality of life (QOL) among men with physical disabilities with different sport participation level throughout quality of life indicators/domains satisfaction and overall QOL. Three groups of men with physical disabilities (n = 130) categorised by the level of sport participation were recruited for the study: elite athletes (n=26), recreational athletes (n = 45) and non-athletes (n = 59). The Subjective Quality of Life Analysis questionnaire and the WHOQOL User Manual were used as a primary research method. The highest subjective perception of life quality declares men elite athletes and the lowest non-athletes. Elite athletes are significantly more satisfied in their lives with domains Physical health/level of independence and Environment, indicators Sleep, Work, Leisure activities, Safety and overall QOL than non-athletes. No significant differences were found in subjective perception of life quality between men recreational athletes and non-athletes.

Summary The objective of this study was to analyse the level of subjective well-being (SWB) through five SWB dimensions and compare it between healthy male and healthy female high school students preferring sedentary leisure time activities. The research sample comprised of 90 male high school students (mean age 16.72 ± 1.33) and 126 female high school students (mean age 16.71 ± 1.36) who preferred sedentary types of leisure time activities with self-reported good health status. A standardized The Bern Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire for Adolescents (BFW) was used as a primary research method. We found significantly higher level of positive SWB dimension (U = 4281, p = 0.002, r = 172) and significantly lower level of negative SWB dimension (U = 2835, p = 0.000, r = 424) in the group of male high school students with self-reported good health status in comparison to female high school students. Parents should be involved in the selection of their children's leisure time activities, so it should not have only the sedentary character but also sport leisure time activities, mainly among young girls.