Purpose: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) who function at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) Level IV have difficulty achieving sufficient levels of physical activity to promote fitness. The purpose of this pilot evaluation was to investigate the practicability and impact of a school-based supported physical activity programme, using adaptive bicycles, on cardiorespiratory fitness and gross motor function among children with CP at GMFCS Level IV. Method: We used a single-subject, A–B–A–B research design replicated across three participants aged 8–14 years with CP at GMFCS Level IV who attended three different schools. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed weekly during all study phases using the energy expenditure index (EEI). Gross motor function was assessed using the Gross Motor Function Measure–66 (GMFM–66) and goal attainment scaling (GAS). During the intervention phases, an adaptive bicycle-riding programme was carried out daily at school for up to 30 minutes. Results: One participant demonstrated significant improvement on the EEI. All participants demonstrated improvement in gross motor function as determined by the GMFM–66 and GAS. Insights were garnered pertaining to the design for large-scale future studies. Conclusions: This pilot evaluation supports further investigation of school-based adaptive bicycle-riding programmes for children who have CP at GMFCS Level IV.
New Zealanders today can hear Māori language broadcast in a variety of contexts: on Māori Television and to a lesser extent on state-owned TV1, TV2 and privately-held TV3, on digital platforms and via broadcasters' programmes-on-demand internet sites. However, these opportunities are a relatively recent development spurred by years of agitation by Māori about the decline of te reo Māori in an English-saturated world and the recognition that the powerful medium of television broadcasting could help promote, protect and enhance reo and tikanga.
The trio of books dubbed The News Manual, which grew out of a search in the mid-1980s for resources for University of Paua New Guinea students, were published in 1991 with backing from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).
Thorough and clear guide to basic reporting skills, including ethics, the law, and English grammar, their 700 pages formed an important resource in a region where only a lucky few got tertiary training, let alone specialised journalism coaching, and were (still are) often plucked from a short secondary school career and thrown in the deep end.
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