Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with morbidity and mortality in dogs. Plasma fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23) concentration is an independent predictor of CKD progression and survival in cats and people with CKD. Objectives: To investigate the relationship among FGF‐23, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites, and other clinical variables with survival time in dogs with CKD. Animals: Twenty‐seven azotemic CKD dogs. Methods: Dogs were recruited prospectively into the study and followed until death or study conclusion. Dogs were International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staged into stage 2 (n = 9), stage 3 (n = 12), and stage 4 (n = 6) CKD. Survival times were calculated from the date of study inclusion. Univariable Cox regression was used to assess variables associated with survival including body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score, hematocrit, creatinine, CKD stage, serum phosphorus, urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC), calcium phosphorus product (CaPP), PTH, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25‐‐dihydroxyvitamin D, and FGF‐23 concentrations. Results: Significant hazard ratios (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval; P value) were as follows: BCS < 4/9 (1.579; 1.003‐2.282; P = .05), muscle atrophy (2.334; 1.352‐4.030; P = .01), increased creatinine (1.383; 1.16‐1.64; .01), hyperphosphatemia (3.20; 1.357‐7.548; P = .005), increased UPC (3.191; 1.310‐7.773; P = .01), increased CaPP (4.092; 1.771‐9.454; P = .003), and increased FGF‐23 (2.609; 1.090‐6.240; P = .05). Survival times for each IRIS CKD stage were significantly different (P = .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Multiple variables, including FGF‐23, were associated with duration of survival in CKD dogs. FGF‐23 could be a prognostic marker in dogs with CKD.
Background: Transurethral collagen injections are an alternative treatment for canine urinary incontinence. There is controversy regarding the long-term effectiveness of collagen and the impact urethral coaptation and injection site have on outcome.Hypothesis/Objectives: To evaluate outcome and client satisfaction after urethral collagen injections, and correlation between degree of urethral coaptation and collagen placement with outcome.Animals: Thirty-six procedures on 31 dogs, 10 with ureteral ectopia. Methods: Retrospective review of records and video evaluation of injection procedures. Follow-up communication with owners was performed between 1 and 56 months after bovine cross-linked collagen implantation to evaluate duration of continence, need for additional medical therapy, and owner satisfaction. Continence score was evaluated before and after the procedure, and after additional medical therapy, if needed. Injection location and degree of urethral coaptation was assessed with respect to duration of continence.Results: Dogs had a significant increase in continence score after the procedure. Mean (SD) duration of continence in dogs without addition of medication was 16.4 (15.2) months, and 5.2 (4.3) months in dogs needing additional medical therapy. No significant difference was found with respect to degree of coaptation. Median client satisfaction with the procedure was 100%.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Transurethral collagen implantation may be a viable option for treatment of female dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence, particularly after medical failure. Duration and degree of improvement are variable. Client satisfaction was excellent despite lack of complete continence in some dogs, and highlights the importance of discussing outcome expectations with owners.
Background: Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in neutered bitches and is most common in dogs weighing >20 kg.Objectives: To describe a population of neutered bitches with USMI and investigate their initial presentation, the relationship between weight and age at neuter, and treatment.Animals: One hundred and sixty-three female dogs with USMI (UI) diagnosed between January 2009 and December 2012, and 193 continent neutered control (C) bitches.Methods: Retrospective data were collected from neutered female dogs with USMI and healthy, continent neutered females presented between January 2009 and December 2012.Results: Urinary incontinent dogs weighed more than C dogs (P = .003), and there was no difference in age at neuter. The relationship between weight at diagnosis and age at neuter was found to impact the hazard of USMI. A decrease in the hazard of USMI was found in dogs weighing >25 kg for every month delay of neuter in the first year. The hazard did not change for dogs <15 kg. Median time from neuter to development of incontinence was 3.73 years. Phenylpropanolamine was prescribed in 75.5%, diethylstilbestrol in 21.5%, and both in 3.1% of dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Neutering bitches expected to be >25 kg adult weight later in their first year may decrease the hazard of developing USMI, whereas age at neutering of bitches <25 kg may not impact continence. Heavier dogs have increased risk of USMI, and onset occurs within a few years of neuter.
Background: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) develops most commonly in people with glomerular diseases associated with marked albuminuria. Hypernatremia, hypertension, and progressive renal failure are more prevalent in nephrotic than nonnephrotic human patients.Hypothesis/Objectives: Dogs with NS have higher serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and sodium concentrations, higher urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) and systolic blood pressure, and lower serum albumin concentrations than dogs with nonnephrotic glomerular disease (NNGD). NS is associated with membranous glomerulopathy and amyloidosis. Affected dogs are more likely to be azotemic and have shorter survival times.Animals: Two hundred and thirty-four pet dogs (78 NS dogs, 156 NNGD dogs).Methods: Multicenter retrospective case-control study comparing time-matched NS and NNGD dogs. NS was defined as the concurrent presence of hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria, and extravascular fluid accumulation. Signalment, clinicopathologic variables, histopathologic diagnoses, and survival time were compared between groups.Results: Age, serum albumin, chloride, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and cholesterol concentrations, and UPC differed significantly between NS and NNGD dogs. Both groups were equally likely to be azotemic at time of diagnosis, and NS was not associated with histologic diagnosis. Median survival was significantly shorter for NS (12.5 days) versus NNGD dogs (104.5 days). When subgrouped based on serum creatinine (o or !1.5 mg/dL), survival of NS versus NNGD dogs was only significantly different in nonazotemic dogs (51 versus 605 days, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Presence of NS is associated with poorer prognosis in dogs with nonazotemic glomerular disease. Preventing development of NS is warranted; however, specific interventions were not evaluated in this study.
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