RESUMO: O sistema de preparo mecanizado do solo influencia diretamente sobre as propriedades físicas e biológicas do solo, além de propiciar ambiente adequado para o estabelecimento das culturas. O preparo do solo pode interferir na atividade microbiológica. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar como os sistemas de preparo mecanizado do solo podem afetar sua atividade microbiológica. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes tipos de preparo do solo: plantio direto (PD), plantio convencional (PC) e cultivo mínimo (CM). Todas as análises foram feitas em três instantes: antes do preparo do solo, depois do preparo e 14 dias após o preparo do solo. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos. As coletas foram realizadas em triplicata, em duas faixas: 0,0 a 0,10 m e de 0,10 a 0,20 m de profundidade. Foram determinados o carbono orgânico total (COT), o carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), a respiração basal do solo (RBS), o quociente metabólico (qCO 2 ) e o quociente microbiano (qMic). O plantio direto apresentou maiores índices de carbono da biomassa microbiana e da respiração basal do solo, na faixa de 0,0 -0,10 m de profundidade. O plantio direto foi o sistema que apresentou menor interferência da atividade microbiológica do solo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:plantio direto, microrganismos, carbono orgânico. TILAGE INFLUENCE ON SOIL MICROBIAL ACTIVITYABSTRACT: In addition to provide appropriate environment for crops, mechanized tillage directly affects physical and biological soil properties; besides influencing microbial activity. Therefore, we aimed at assessing how different mechanized tillage systems may affect soil microbiological activities. Treatments consisted of the following soil tillage types: No-tillage (PD), conventional tillage (PC) and minimum tillage (CM). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design. All analyses were performed at three moments: before and after soil preparation and 14 days after tillage. Collections were made in triplicate at two soil depths (0-0.10 m and 0.10 -0.20 m). It was determined values of total organic carbon (COT), microbial biomass carbon (CBM), basal soil respiration (RBS), metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) and microbial quotient (qMic). No-tillage system showed higher ratios of microbial biomass carbon and soil basal respiration at 0.0 -0.10 m depth. Therefore, no till was the system that had greater microbial activity in the soil. KEYWORDS: tillage, microorganisms, organic carbon INTRODUÇÃOA evolução da agricultura está intimamente ligada à mecanização das operações do campo. A mecanização torna o trabalho agrícola menos árduo, a lavoura mais homogênea e aumenta a produtividade das culturas. Um dos obstáculos da mecanização agrícola é o aumento da compactação do solo devido ao tráfego de máquinas (ROBOREDO et al., 2010). O sistema de
Os dados técnicos e econômicos disponíveis das máquinas de colheita florestal são insuficientes, sendo em algumas condições de trabalho inexistentes. Objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa analisar o desempenho técnico e econômico do feller-buncher em diferentes condições do povoamento florestal. O estudo foi executado em áreas de colheita florestal localizadas na região sul do estado de Mato grosso. Foi realizado o estudo de tempos e movimentos, produtividade, disponibilidade mecânica, eficiência operacional, custo operacional e de produção do feller-buncher nos volumes de 0,14; 0,16; 0,18; e 0,26 m³ por árvore. O volume individual das toras influenciou de forma significativa no tempo médio por ciclo operacional, produtividade e custo de produção, sendo os melhores valores encontrados nos maiores volumes. Foi observado uma disponibilidade mecânica média de 83%, eficiência operacional de 96% e custo operacional de 305,45 R$ h-1. O volume por árvore demostrou-se como uma variável de extrema importância para o planejamento florestal.Palavras-chave: colheita florestal, mecanização florestal, custos. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE FELLER-BUNCHER IN DIFFERENT DENDROMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREST STANDS ABSTRACT:The technical and economic data available on forestry harvesting machines are insufficient, and in some working conditions nonexistent. The objective of this research was to analyze the technical and economic performance of the feller-buncher in different forest stand conditions. The study was carried out in forest harvesting areas located in the southern region of the state of Mato Grosso. The study of time and movements, productivity, mechanical availability, operational efficiency, operating and production costs of the feller-buncher in the volumes of 0.14; 0.16; 0.18; and 0.26 m³ per tree. The individual volumes of the logs had a significant influence on the average time per operational cycle, productivity and cost of production, with the best values found in the largest volumes. An average mechanical availability of 83%, operating efficiency of 96% and operating cost of 305.45 R $ h-1 was observed. The volume per tree has been shown to be an extremely important variable for forest planning.Keywords: forest harvesting, forest mechanization, costs.
Forest machine operators work on a long scale of work, which causes physical and psychological wear and consequently reduced productivity and increased fuel consumption. The objective of this research was to verify the influence of the number of days of the work schedule of harvester and forwarder operators in low-volume forest on technical, economic, environmental and ergonomic parameters. The research was performed in forest stands with an average wood volume of 0.10 m³ tree-1. In the first, second, third and fourth day of the work schedule, productivity, energy demand, production cost, carbon dioxide emission and the occurrence of fatigue in the operators were determined. The productivity values ??of harvester operators on the third and fourth days of the work schedule decreased by 2.62 and 7.74%, respectively, in relation to the average value of the first and second days. The productivity of forwarder operators was similar in the first three days of the work schedule, with a more marked reduction in the fourth day. The reduction in the number of days in the forest machine operators’ work schedule makes the operation more sustainable from a technical, economic, environmental and ergonomic point of view.
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