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The mixture of carboxylic acids present in petroleum oil and directly responsible for its acidity and corrosiveness in liquid phase during the refine process is denominated "naphthenic acids". These acids are also present in distilled fraction of petroleum, causing several problems in final products quality. A possible way to remove the carboxilic acids from petroleum distilled fractions is the adsorption in porous materials. However, the results obtained until now indicate that ion exchange resins would be the best adsorbents for this process, which would probably increase its cost. In this work, two commercial adsorbents (clay and activated alumina) were characterized by a set of physical-chemistry techniques and evaluated concerning their capacity of removing naphthenic acids from a light petroleum fraction. It was verified the influence of a thermal treatment previous to the adsorption in its physical-chemistry characteristics and its properties. A high reduction of the TAN values was verified in the residual oils from both adsorbent, although there was a competition among all the compounds present in the light oil fraction for the adsorption sites, which can be probably related to the thermal pre-treatment. These results were related to corrosion yield experiments, and it was observed that the adsorbent pretreatment also affected the reduction in corrosion yields for both alumina and clay
Some deepwater Offshore reservoir contain fluids with high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and CO2 content, presenting also a high productivity index (PI) like the ones found in Brazilian Presalt area. All these leads to large production facilities with complex gas processing section, thus constraining the oil processing and storage capacities. In these scenarios, the application of the HISEPTM, a high pressure, dense phase separation technology patented by PETROBRAS enhances production by promptly enabling the separation and reinjection of a major fraction of this CO2-rich associated gas on the seabed as a dense fluid, hence reducing the need for large gas processing plant in the topside, which in turn extends the oil production plateau and accelerates the production.
Plants of the genus Spondias are commonly cultivated in northern and north-eastern Brazil for fruit production. Severe leaf anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is frequently observed in several species of Spondias. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose in species of Spondias by using the concept of morphological and phylogenetic analyses.Leaves with symptoms of anthracnose were collected from orchards in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Morphological identification; sequencing analysis of ACT, ITS and GS gene regions; and a pathogenicity test confirmed three Colletotrichum spp. (C. dianesei, C. siamense and C. brevisporum) were able to cause the disease. This is the first record of these species of Colletotrichum causing anthracnose in Spondias spp. in Brazil.water at the concentration of 1 × 10 6 spores/mL and sprayed on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of the seedlings. After inoculation, the seedlings were maintained in a moist chamber for 48 hr with a photoperiod of 12 hr, using plastic bags. These bags were then removed, and the seedlings were kept in an environment with controlled temperature at 26 ± 2°C, with a photoperiod of 12 hr. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates per isolate. Disease development was observed until 15 days after inoculation. The control seedlings were sprayed with sterile distilled water. | RE SULTS AND D ISCUSS I ONAll isolates produced salmon-coloured conidiomata in SNA culture medium. There was abundant conidiomata production for all isolates (Figure 1c). The conidia of the COUFPI 41, COUFPI 44, COUFPI 45, COUFPI 155 and COUFPI 156 isolates were straight and hyaline with no septa and generally had an oblong or cylindrical shape with rounded ends (Figure 1d), which is typical of the C. gloeosporioides species complex (Weir, Johnston, & Damm, 2012). The COUFPI 42 and COUFPI 53 isolates presented conidia whose shape ranged from oblong to fusiform, with obtuse to slightly rounded ends (Figure 1f,h). The different conidia morphologies allowed the isolates to be grouped into two groups, as confirmed by the phylogeny (Figure 2). The conidia (50 per isolate) had an average size of 7.78 (5.59-9.87) μm × 2.47 (1.39-3.13) μm in the COUFPI 41, COUFPI 44, COUFPI 45, COUFPI 155 and COUFPI 156 isolates. The conidia of the COUFPI 53 and COUFPI 42 isolates had an average size of 8.08 (6.74-9.30) μm × 2.38 (1.92-2.97) μm and 10.22 (8.97-14.12) μm × 2.95 (1.99-4.25) μm, respectively. The appressoria (10 per isolate) in the COUFPI 41, COUFPI 44, COUFPI 45, COUFPI 155 and COUFPI 156 isolates were one-celled, brown and slightly ovoid (Figure 1e) and had an average size of 5.07 (3.79-6.66) μm × 3.30 (2.51-3.94) μm. The appressoria of the COUFPI 42 isolate were onecelled, brown and ovoid, sometimes with irregular lobes (Figure 1g) whereas those of COUFPI 53 isolate were brown, circular or ellipsoidal and unlobed (Figure 1j), and had an average size of 5.94 (5.38-6.79) μm × 4.48 (3....
RESUMO: Esta pesquisa qualitativa objetiva analisar a literatura na Educação Infantil, sob a ótica de um conceito de arte que engloba várias modalidades expressivas, como mecanismos de desenvolvimento, apropriação da linguagem e de aprendizagem. Apoia-se na Teoria Histórico-Cultural, ao apresentar a leitura literária como ação que possibilita várias interações e a formação da subjetividade, tendo-se o livro infantil como objeto cultural na luta ideológica. Para tanto, apresentam-se algumas práticas pedagógicas realizadas em um Centro de Educação Infantil, que voltadas à educação literária, visam à formação de leitores e à valorização de várias formas de expressão. Conclui-se que as ações pedagógicas vigentes nas propostas curriculares da Educação Infantil precisam ser guiadas por interações, pelo lúdico e pelo movimento, proporcionando experiências narrativas com mais práticas focadas na linguagem oral e escrita, vinculadas a diversos gêneros textuais, orais, gráficos e expressivos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Literatura. Arte. Educação Infantil. INTRODUÇÃO LITERATURA E ARTE: CATEGORIAS DE UMA CONSTRUÇÃO SOCIALA literatura é um instrumento muito importante para auxiliar no processo de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento da criança; por esta razão, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a literatura na Educação Infantil, sob a ótica de um conceito de arte que engloba várias modalidades expressivas, como mecanismos de desenvolvimento, apropriação da linguagem e da cultura, da aprendizagem e da criação.Este estudo possui caráter qualitativo e apoia-se na Teoria Histórico-Cultural para apresentar a leitura literária como ação, que possibilita várias interações e a formação da criança, tendo-se o livro infantil como objeto cultural na luta ideológica e como mecanismo de formação humana. A fundamentação na Teoria Histórico-Cultural busca explicar o processo de aprendizagem sob a perspectiva de Vigotski, a qual faz uma "abordagem histórica do psiquismo humano, supõe considerar, na sua análise tanto o produto quanto o processo, tanto a descrição
The lastest discoveries of oil and gas reserves in the Brazilian offshore area present new challenges on gas transportation due to their location, far away from the coast. For these new scenarios, Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) units may be a good solution for a natural gas volume production around 2.5 MTPA. It is worth saying that this technology hasn't been proved yet. So, there are many challenges to overcome to turn the FLNG into an economically and technically feasible solution for these new scenarios. One of the main challenges for establishing a LNG (liquefied natural gas) offshore unit is the definition of the liquefaction process technology to be used. Characteristics such as motion effects, footprint, robustness, operational flexibility and asiness, safety, maintenance and availability must be considered when the main differences between the processes are being identified. Depending on the capacity to be attended, liquefaction processes may use hydrocarbon refrigerant mixtures or inert refrigerant fluids. Due to the environmental conditions in Brazilian waters, side-by-side offloading operations are not possible, as the operational availability would not be large enough. Therefore, LNG offloading would only be achieved through the tandem operational mode. Since the technology available for this kind of operation uses aerial hoses, it will be necessary to provide a bow loading system (BLS) installed on the LNG carrier and also a dynamic positioning system (DP) may be needed for an accurate control of the positioning and maintenance of a relative heading. The study indicates that the cargo containment system (CCS) should fulfill some constraints: let free upper deck area for topsides facilities; withstand any partial filling condition (sloshing impacts); have a good track record; and its configuration should allow inspection and maintenance in the offshore environment. This paper reports the Petrobras findings on the evaluating of the FLNG technology. Petrobras considers the FLNG unit an attractive option for its scenario, although many sub-systems still present important challenges in order to achieve a good overall performance. The choice of the best technology for each sub-system is still on-going, aiming the largest reliability and the minimum cost possible. Introduction The international natural gas market has been growing at a very high rate in the last decades. The mature technologies for natural gas bulk transportation are pipelines and the LNG considering a supply chain based on onshore liquefaction plants and LNG carriers. The natural gas consumption in Brazil has been growing since 2000. The Brazilian Government's goal for the natural gas participation in the energy matrix is 10% by 2010. PETROBRAS is the main company for Natural Gas (NG) production, transportation and supply in Brazil.
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