O número de variedades de tangerinas utilizadas economicamente é muito restrito, apesar da importância comercial deste grupo de citros. O Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Citros do Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC possui em torno de 383 acessos de tangerineiras e híbridos, os quais têm sido estudados sob o ponto de vista botânico, genético e agronômico. Este trabalho visa descrever por meio de 38 caracteres morfológicos, os frutos das tangerineiras Satsuma Unshiu Wase, Clementina, Mel, Portuguesa, Natsu Mikan, Dancy, Cascalho, Campeona, Mexerica-do-Pará e Mexerica-do-Rio. Foram coletados 30 frutos maduros de cada acesso, sendo 10 frutos por planta, num total de 3 plantas por acesso. As tangerineiras, enxertadas sobre tangerineira Cleópatra e espaçadas de 7,5 m entre linhas por 5,5 m entre plantas, foram estudadas com 8 anos de plantio (safra 1994). Foi observada variabilidade fenotípica acentuada entre os acessos estudados, para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados e verificou-se que muitos caracteres agronômicos desejáveis encontram-se dispersos entre os acessos analisados, podendo vir a ser aproveitados em programas de melhoramento. A análise de agrupamento dos acessos através dos caracteres avaliados quantitativamente pode fornecer indicativos sobre as distâncias filogenéticas entre os diferentes genótipos.
Off-flavors in fish and water are considered a worldwide problem. Several factors, such as the presence of phosphorus, micronutrients, and organic matter, contribute to phytoplankton proliferation and the production of off-flavors. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol are the most common off-flavors that confer the smell of earth or mold to water and fish. These metabolites are not considered toxic, but they can be easily transferred from water to living organisms and accumulate in the biota, up the trophic levels and to consumers, including fish species. Numerous processes have been studied to eliminate or reduce the presence of off-flavors in recirculating aquaculture systems. Managing off-flavors must be eco-friendly and consumer-friendly. Strategies against off-flavors must be efficient and low-cost. However, these solutions may be different for each fish production system. We review herein the main compounds produced by cyanobacteria that can accumulate in fish used in aquaculture that can affect the quality of food, as well as production costs and consumer preference.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disease, characterized by multiple neural tumors as well as cutaneous symptoms. A simpler, non-invasive and cost-effective method for measuring adiposity would be useful in the care of individuals with NF1. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the standard method for this assessment but it is not widely accessible in daily clinical practice. This study aimed to compare body compositions measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfold thickness (ST) predictive equations to those measured with DXA in twenty-six individuals with NF1. Body fat percentage (BF%) was predicted using DXA, five ST-equations and four BIA-equations. The BF% measured by DXA was 26.6 ± 7.3 and 37.4 ± 7.2 % for men and women, respectively. The best predictor of BF% was the Sun et al. BIA equation with a smaller difference compared to DXA (P=0.664), better median of adequacy (101.0%) and accuracy of 46.2%. For males, the Kyle et al. and Lohman BIA equations were the best predictors (accuracy: 78.6 and 64.3%, respectively). For females, all nine equations showed lower differences compared to DXA (P<0.001 for all equations). Among ST equations, Durnin and Womersley showed a smaller difference, greater median of adequacy and percentage of adequacy compared to DXA, even when stratified by sex. This study showed that BIA equations present better adequacy and accuracy compared to SK equations. Nevertheless, these equations should be used with caution in this population due to the variations observed in comparison to DXA.
Connectivity is known to be an essential process contributing to the stability of local populations, but the mechanisms ruling the distribution of populated habitat patches and how these distribution patterns affect reproductive connectivity and, especially, the fitness of individuals remains elusive. Here, we focus on pea crabs that are obligatory commensals of sand dollars, that need to travel over unsuitable habitat (the sandy seabed) for host shifts. The distribution of occupied and vacant sand dollars was mapped, and the population structure in all sand-dollar hosts was assessed, at nine different sites. We found that habitat supply is high, not limiting the size of crab populations, but also that crab abundance poses limits to reproductive connectivity and thus the potential for offspring production. However, except for extreme cases of low and high connectivity, crab aggregations at sand-dollar clusters, countervailing the naturally random distribution of whole sand-dollar populations, greatly enhance the reproductive potential of whole populations at most sites. The gregarious behavior of pea crab populations is apparently mediated by the concentration of host and conspecific cues in the water, and by interactions among individuals in the sand-dollar environment, with larger females likely playing a more important role. Differently from the effects on population reproductive connectivity, crab abundance plays a dual indirect influence on individual fitness through contrasting connectivity effects. Individual fitness, measured only in females as the percent deviation from expected egg production, was found to be largely unaffected by connectivity, except at the sites where crab abundance was the lowest (positive effects) or the highest (negative effects). These results suggest that individual fitness remains high at intermediate crab densities, but decreases when crab abundance is too low, possibly limiting mate encounters and imposing sperm limitation for egg production, or too high, likely forcing breeding females to engage in negative interactions with conspecifics at the expense of reduced resource allocation to yolk accumulation. This study indicates that connectivity effects may be diversified and subtle, affecting different levels of biological organization in specific ways.
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