The ultrasonographic appearances of goat eyes were very similar to those of other animal species. The cornea, anterior chamber, lens, vitreous chamber, and axial globe length increased with age in the Saanen breed of goats. Knowledge of the normal appearance and ocular dimensions of goat eyes facilitates the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of ocular disease in Saanen goats.

Bruxelas' e 'Tronchuda Portuguesa', as pimentas 'Dedo de Moça', 'Malagueta', 'Doce Italiana', 'Jalapeño M', 'Amarela Comprida' e 'Cambuci', os pimentões 'Dagmar', 'Casca Dura Ikeda', 'Magna Super' e os porta enxertos para pimentão 'Silver' e 'AF 8253'. As plantas resistentes a M. javanica foram: alface 'Roxa', cebolinhas 'Tokyo' e 'Nebuka', alho 'Poró Gigante', salsa 'Lisa Comum', brócolis 'Brasília', azevém, C. spectabilis, C. juncea, C. breviflora, girassol 'Uruguai', guandu anão, milheto e mucuna preta. Palavras-chave: nematoides das galhas, olerícolas, resistência, suscetibilidade. ABSTRACT Meloidogyne javanica reproduction on vegetable crops and plants used as green manureThe goal of this work was to determinate the Meloidogyne javanica reproduction factor on vegetable crops (Allium porrum, A. schoenoprasum, Beta vulgaris, Brassica spp., Capsicum spp., Coriandrum sativum, Daucus carota, Lactuca sativa, Petroselinum crispum and Raphanus sativus) and on plants used as green manure (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria breviflora, C. juncea, C. mucronata, C. ochroleuca, C. spectabilis, Dolichos lalab, Helianthus annuus, Lollium multiflorum, M. aterrima, M. cinereum, Mucuna deeringiana, Pennisetum glaucum and Raphanus sativus). The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse during 60 days. The substrate infestation was made with 5,000 eggs and possible second stage juveniles of M. javanica. The immune plants to M. javanica were: P. crispum 'Portuguesa', Brassica spp.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) can control pests due to the mutualistic association with bacteria that kill the host by septicemia and make the environment favorable for EPNs development and reproduction. The diversity of EPNs in Brazilian soils requires further study. The identification of EPNs, adapted to environmental and climatic conditions of cultivated areas is important for sustainable pest suppression in integrated management programs in agricultural areas of Brazil. The objective was to identify EPNs isolated from agricultural soils with annual, fruit and forest crops in Brazil. Soil samples were collected and stored in 250 ml glass vials. The nematodes were isolated from these samples with live bait traps ([Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae]. Infective juveniles were collected with White traps and identified by DNA barcoding procedures by sequencing the D2/D3 expansion of the 28S rDNA region by PCR. EPNs identified in agricultural areas in Brazil were Heterorhabditis amazonensis, Metarhabditis rainai, Oscheios tipulae and Steinernema rarum. These species should be considered pest biocontrol agents in Brazilian agricultural areas.

The objective of this research was to verify the resistance response of eight Brazilian commercial tomato rootstocks to the nematode Meloidogyne mayaguensis. The studied rootstocks were: ' G u a r d i ã o ' , ' H e l p e r-M ' , ' A n c h o r-T ' , ' D r. K ' , ' K a g e m u s c h a ' , 'TMA 809', 'Magnet' and 'He-Man'. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments (8 rootstocks and 'Rutgers' used as susceptible control), with 6 replication. Each plot was constituted by 1 plant Cantu, R.R.; Wilcken, S.R.S.; Rosa, J.M.O. & Goto, R.. Reaction of commercial tomato rootstocks plant to Meloidogyne mayaguensis. Summa Phytopathologica, v.35, n.3, p.216-218, 2009 Keywords: tomato plant, grafting, root-knot nematode. per pot, maintained in green-house. The plants were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second stage juvenile of M. mayaguensis. T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n w a s c o m p l e t e l y r a n d o m i z e d . T h e evaluation was 60 days after inoculation, when the root weight, gall and egg mass index, nematode number in soil and in root and reproduction factor were evaluated. All studied rootstocks were susceptible to M. mayaguensis. PalavrasAs doenças de solo possuem grande importância na cultura do tomateiro, pelos danos causados e pelas dificuldades no controle. Dentre estas destacam-se os nematóides parasitos de plantas, que em muitos casos inviabilizam a produção e o cultivo em áreas infestadas. As plantas de tomateiro quando atacadas severamente pelo nematóide das galhas, Meloidogyne spp., apresentam o sistema radicular completamente desorganizado e com poucas raízes funcionais. Em altas infestações do nematóide no início da cultura pode ocorrer a morte de mudas no campo, e nas plantas sobreviventes a produção é fortemente afetada em quantidade e qualidade (1, 9).Algumas técnicas vêm sendo recomendadas no controle dos nematóides parasito de plantas, a exemplo da utilização de adubos verdes em sistemas de rotação de culturas, da utilização de organismos supressores aos nematóides, assim como a utilização da solarização e, quando possível, o uso de cultivares resistentes (2,11,16).No controle de patógenos do solo, a utilização da enxertia tem se mostrado interessante, pois não exige uma mudança drástica no manejo da cultura (14). Por esse motivo, o uso da enxertia em tomateiros, com o emprego de porta-enxertos resistentes a nematóides do gênero Meloidogyne, tem sido recomendado em áreas infestadas por esses patógenos (18). Entretanto, essa técnica, quando utilizada visando principalmente o controle de patógenos do solo, pode ser inviabilizada em razão dos problemas ocasionados pelo surgimento de outras espécies ou até mesmo de raças, estirpes e biovares dentro de uma dada espécie de patógeno (13).A espécie Meloidogyne mayaguensis foi descrita a partir de população encontrada em raízes de Solanum melongena oriundas da região noroeste de Porto Rico, inicialmente identificada como Meloidogyne arenaria. Neste estudo, os nematóides apresentaram características morfológicas, citogenéticas e bioquím...

Reprodução de Meloidogyne enterolobii em olerícolas e plantas utilizadas na adubação verde 1Meloidogyne enterolobii reproduction on vegetable crops and plants used as green manure

Control of plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an ongoing challenge because of its wide host range and the persistence of its sclerotia in soil. Fungicides are the most commonly used method to control this fungus but these can have ecotoxicity impacts. Chitinolytic Streptomyces strains isolated from Brazilian tropical soils were capable of inhibiting S. sclerotiorum growth in vitro, offering new possibilities for integrated pest management and biocontrol, with a new approach to dealing with an old problem. Strain Streptomyces sp. 80 was capable of irreversibly inhibiting fungal growth. Compared to other strains, its crude enzymes had the highest chitinolytic levels when measured at 25°C and strongly inhibited sclerotia from S. sclerotiorum. It produced four hydrolytic enzymes involved in fungal cell wall degradation when cultured in presence of the fungal mycelium. The best production, obtained after three days, was 0.75 U/ml for exochitinase, 0.9 U/ml for endochitinase, 0.16 U/ml for glucanase, and 1.78 U/ml for peptidase. Zymogram analysis confirmed two hydrolytic bands of chitinolytic activity with apparent molecular masses of 45.8 and 206.8 kDa. One glucanase activity with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa was also recorded, as well as seven bands of peptidase activity with apparent molecular masses ranging from 15.5 to 108.4 kDa. Differential interference contrast microscopy also showed alterations of hyphal morphology after co-culture. Streptomyces sp. 80 seems to be promising as a biocontrol agent against S. sclerotiorum, contributing to the development of new methods for controlling plant diseases and reducing the negative impact of using fungicides.

Streptomyces lunalinharesii strain 235 produces an antimicrobial substance that is active against sulfate reducing bacteria, the major bacterial group responsible for biofilm formation and biocorrosion in petroleum reservoirs. The use of this antimicrobial substance for sulfate reducing bacteria control is therefore a promising alternative to chemical biocides. In this study the antimicrobial substance did not interfere with the biofilm stability, but the sulfate reducing bacteria biofilm formation was six-fold smaller in carbon steel coupons treated with the antimicrobial substance when compared to the untreated control. A reduction in the most probable number counts of planktonic cells of sulfate reducing bacteria was observed after treatments with the sub-minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal inhibitory concentration, and supra-minimal inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial substance. Additionally, when the treated coupons were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, the biofilm formation was found to be substantially reduced when the supra-minimal inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial substance was used. The coupons used for the biofilm formation had a small weight loss after antimicrobial substance treatment, but corrosion damage was not observed by scanning electron microscopy. The absence of the dsrA gene fragment in the scraped cell suspension after treatment with the supra-minimal inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial substance suggests that Desulfovibrio alaskensis was not able to adhere to the coupons. This is the first report on an antimicrobial substance produced by Streptomyces active against sulfate reducing bacteria biofilm formation. The application of antimicrobial substance as a potential biocide for sulfate reducing bacteria growth control could be of great interest to the petroleum industry.

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