The mechanical alterations related to the excessive use of accessory respiratory muscles and the mouth breathing observed in children with asthma may lead to the development of alterations in head posture, shoulders, thoracic region and, consequently, in alterations of body posture. The purpose of this study was to assess body posture changes of children with asthma compared to a non-asthmatic control group matched for gender, age, weight, and height. Thirty children with asthma and 30 non-asthmatic children aged 7 to 12 years were enrolled in this study. Digital photographic records were obtained for analysis of the body posture of the children by computed photogrammetry. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Student's t test (p < 0.05) were used for statistical analysis. There were no significant differences between groups for the angles analyzed, except for the knee flexor angle. These results demonstrate that children with asthma did not present postural alterations compared to non-asthmatic controls since the only angle for which there was a significant difference between groups showed weak reproducibility. The findings of this study do not support the notion that children with asthma present alterations in body posture.

A large body of evidence has suggested the existence of a reflex network that becomes hyperactive secondary to musculoskeletal alterations that occur in heart failure (HF) syndrome. Together with sympathoinhibitory cardiovascular reflexes, suppressed in the presence of the syndrome, heart failure can contribute to physical exercise intolerance. The hyperactivation of signals originated from receptors located in skeletal muscles (mechanoreceptors -metaboreceptors) is a recently proposed hypothesis to explain the origin of fatigue and dyspnea symptoms in HF. In HF, other alterations in the reflex control system, which are not mutually exclusive, contribute to dyspnea.The inappropriate stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors, with the consequent lack of inhibition of the muscle metaboreflex and carotid chemoreflex unloading and the increase in the renal vasoconstriction with angiotensin II release can also be considered.Although the functional alterations of the reflexes were used independently to illustrate the sympathetic excitation observed in HF, the interaction between these reflexes under normal and pathological conditions, especially its contribution to the sympathoexcitatory state found in HF, has not been broadly investigated.Therefore, questions about a possible association between the muscle receptors (mechano and metaboreceptors) in the genesis of the ergoreflex exacerbation, observed in HF, remain. Thus, the objective of this review was to integrate the knowledge on the mechano and metaboreflex (ergoreflex) in HF syndrome, as well as to clarify the influence of HF drug therapy on the ergoreflex.

alterations result in systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction and, consequently, in the loss of functional capacity, decrease in quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality 3,4 .The HF syndrome is associated with hemodynamic disorders followed by systemic alterations, endothelial dysfunction, neurohormonal activation with increased catecholamine release, higher brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels 5 and release of pro-inflammatory factors that contribute to heart dilation and poorer performance at physical exercises 5,6 . Patients with HF present higher levels of ventilation for a certain workload when compared to normal individuals 7 . This fact results in low ventilatory efficiency and is related with higher ventilation related to CO 2 production, which is an important predictor of poor prognosis, in addition to being a limiting factor for the practice of exercises 8,9

da segurança do teste de caminhada dos 6 minutos em pacientes no prétransplante cardíaco. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009; 92 (4): 312-9. 2. Guimarães GV, Bellotti G, Bacal F, Mocelin A, Bocchi EA. Can the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test reproduce the usual activities of patients with heart failure? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 78 (6): 557-60. 3. Belardinelli R. Arrhythmias during acute and chronic exercise in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2003; 90 (2-3): 213-8. 4. Carvalho VO, Bocchi EA, Guimarães GV. The Borg scale as an important tool of self-monitoring and self-regulation of exercise prescription in heart failure patients during hydrotherapy: a randomized blinded controlled trial.