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Introduction Rapid urbanization increases competition for scarce urban resources and underlines the need for policies that promote equitable access to resources. This study examined equity and social inclusion of urban development policies in Nigeria through the lenses of access to health and food/nutrition resources. Method Desk review of 22 policy documents, strategies, and plans within the ambit of urban development was done. Documents were sourced from organizational websites and offices. Data were extracted by six independent reviewers using a uniform template designed to capture considerations of access to healthcare and food/nutrition resources within urban development policies/plans/strategies in Nigeria. Emerging themes on equity and social inclusion in access to health and food/nutirition resources were identified and analysed. Results Access to health and food/nutrition resources were explicit in eight (8) and twelve (12) policies/plans, respectively. Themes that reflect potential policy contributions to social inclusion and equitable access to health resources were: Provision of functional and improved health infrastructure; Primary Health Care strengthening for quality health service delivery; Provision of safety nets and social health insurance; Community participation and integration; and Public education and enlightenment. With respect to nutrition resources, emergent themes were: Provision of accessible and affordable land to farmers; Upscaling local food production, diversification and processing; Provision of safety nets; Private-sector participation; and Special considerations for vulnerable groups. Conclusion There is sub-optimal consideration of access to health and nutrition resources in urban development policies in Nigeria. Equity and social inclusivity in access to health and nutrition resources should be underscored in future policies.

This study compared risky sexual behavior (RSB) between migrant and non-migrant Nigerian men, and investigated the individual and community factors of RSB between the two groups. Data for the study were from the 2012 National HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey in Nigeria. It comprised 15,346 male respondents aged 15 to 64 years and made up of 7,158 non-migrants and 8,188 migrants. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and multilevel binary logistic regression. More non-migrants (37.69%) than migrants (28.43%) were engaged in RSB. RSB among migrants showed significant differences in all explanatory variables except for place of residence and religion. Among non-migrants, significant differences existed between RSB and all the explanatory variables except for awareness of family planning and sexually transmitted diseases. The regression null model showed lower odds of RSB for migrants and non-migrants. In the full model, the intercepts increased odds of RSB for migrants (odds ratio [OR] = 8.55) and non-migrants (OR = 9.21). Variables which increased odds of RSB by migrants included employment status, religion, and place of residence. Education, employment status, wealth index, and place of residence were found to increase the odds of engaging in RSB among non-migrants. The study therefore concludes that social contexts matter for engagement in RSB.

Background Private sectors play a significant role in health provision along with the public sector in both developed and developing countries. Given the limited resources of the public sector, public-private partnerships (PPPs) are considered a good solution to address our growing public health challenges. But inadequate assessment of various health-related PPPs have resulted in a failure to gather knowledge and evidence that would facilitate the establishment of effective partnerships, sustain and systematize them over time, as well as determine the role of PPPs in health system strengthening, particularly in terms of urban health provision. The objective of this research is to systematically review the effectiveness of PPPs on the utilization of urban health provision to achieve health outcomes in the urban contexts of least developed, low income, and lower-middle-income countries and territories. Methods This systematic review will follow PRISMA-P guidelines for reporting. Relevant databases ─ EMBASE, MEDLINE, Health Management Information Consortium, Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index, Emerging Sources, CENTRAL, 3ie, Database of disability and inclusion information resources, and WHO Library Database – will be searched for published articles in the urban context. Reference lists of relevant systematic reviews and commentaries and citations of key included studies will be checked for additional studies. Two reviewers will independently screen the studies in Covidence following the exclusion and inclusion criteria. Data will be thematically analysed and narratively synthesised. Discussion This review will comprehensively assess and appraise all the existing PPP models for urban health provision in the least developed, low income, and lower-middle-income countries and territories. The findings of the review will help to understand the modalities of the existing health related PPPs in urban areas, their functionalities and their contribution in achieving health outcomes. Protocol Registration: This protocol is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO (ID-CRD42021289509, 23 November 2021).

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